K2 和 TESS 协同 III:寻找和拯救 K2 第一颗行星丢失的星历表

Erica Thygesen, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Zoë L. De Beurs, Andrew Vanderburg, John H. Livingston, Jonathon Irwin, Alexander Venner, Michael Cretignier, Karen A. Collins, Allyson Bieryla, David Charbonneau, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Xavier Dumusque, John Kielkopf, David W. Latham, Michael Werner
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摘要

K2-2 b/HIP 116454 b是K2在其双轮概念工程测试期间发现的第一颗系外行星,它是一颗亚海王星(2.5美元/分,0.1美元R_\oplus$,9.7美元/分,1.2美元M_\oplus$),以9.1天的周期围绕一颗相对明亮(KS=8.03)的K矮星运行。不幸的是,由于一次虚假的后续凌日探测和星历退化,这颗行星的凌日星历丢失了。在这项工作中,我们恢复并完善了K2-2 b的凌星星历表,结果显示与发现结果有$\sim40{\sigma}$的差异。为了精确测量凌日星历和更新系统参数,我们将NASA的K2、TESS和Spitzer任务的天基测光观测数据与新的地面测光观测数据以及HARPS-N的径向速度联合拟合,并使用一种新的建模技术对恒星活动进行了校正。大多数凌日行星的星历表都会丢失或严重退化,这凸显了系统更新凌日星历表的重要性,而即将开展的大规模工作预计将描述数百颗系外行星大气的特征。K2-2b位于亚海王星已知半径谷的高质峰值,现在非常适合利用现有和未来的设备进行透射光谱分析。我们更新的过境星历表将确保到2030年的不确定性不超过13分钟。
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The K2 and TESS Synergy III: search and rescue of the lost ephemeris for K2's first planet
K2-2 b/HIP 116454 b, the first exoplanet discovery by K2 during its Two-Wheeled Concept Engineering Test, is a sub-Neptune (2.5 $\pm$ 0.1 $R_\oplus$, 9.7 $\pm$ 1.2 $M_\oplus$) orbiting a relatively bright (KS = 8.03) K-dwarf on a 9.1 day period. Unfortunately, due to a spurious follow-up transit detection and ephemeris degradation, the transit ephemeris for this planet was lost. In this work, we recover and refine the transit ephemeris for K2-2 b, showing a $\sim40{\sigma}$ discrepancy from the discovery results. To accurately measure the transit ephemeris and update the parameters of the system, we jointly fit space-based photometric observations from NASA's K2, TESS, and Spitzer missions with new photometric observations from the ground, as well as radial velocities from HARPS-N that are corrected for stellar activity using a new modeling technique. Ephemerides becoming lost or significantly degraded, as is the case for most transiting planets, highlights the importance of systematically updating transit ephemerides with upcoming large efforts expected to characterize hundreds of exoplanet atmospheres. K2-2 b sits at the high-mass peak of the known radius valley for sub-Neptunes, and is now well-suited for transmission spectroscopy with current and future facilities. Our updated transit ephemeris will ensure no more than a 13-minute uncertainty through 2030.
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