Agro-environmental influence and interaction of nanoparticles (CuO, Fe3O4, Fe3O4@CuO) on microorganisms causing illnesses of tomato root and stems

This study examines the impact of copper oxide (CuO), iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), and their composite (Fe₃O₄@CuO) nanoparticles on harmful microorganisms in tomato plant roots and stems. The research evaluates agro-environmental factors, including soil composition, moisture levels, and temperature, that influence the efficacy of these nanoparticles. The nanoparticles prepared by the PLAL technique were subjected to structural, morphological, topographic, and optical analysis using a range of methods, including XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, AFM, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The copper and iron composite particles were found to be polycrystalline, with the iron element present in magnetite and hematite phases. The particles exhibited a spherical form, however, there was agglomeration between them. The optical characteristics exhibited plasmon resonance peaks, indicating the transition of the materials into an optimal nanoscale phase. Both laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess their antifungal activity. The findings reveal that the Fe₃O₄@CuO composite exhibited superior pathogen suppression compared to the individual nanoparticles. This research offers valuable insights into the application of nanoparticles for controlling plant fungal and bacterial diseases, contributing to more effective and sustainable agricultural practices.