半导体自旋量子比特的 CMOS 兼容性

Nard Dumoulin Stuyck, Andre Saraiva, Will Gilbert, Jesus Cifuentes Pardo, Ruoyu Li, Christopher C. Escott, Kristiaan De Greve, Sorin Voinigescu, David J. Reilly, Andrew S. Dzurak
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摘要

一旦数以百万计的高质量量子比特能够汇聚在一起执行容错量子计算(FTQC),社会的多个领域将被颠覆。目前可用的所有量子计算硬件都与 FTQC 的要求相去甚远。半导体行业已经解决了集成这种复杂系统所面临的巨大挑战,因此许多量子比特制造商已经改造了他们的技术,使之与 CMOS 兼容。然而,这种兼容性的程度各不相同,从仅仅能够使用硅片作为基底制造量子比特,一直到将量子比特与控制这些量子比特的高产出、低功耗的先进电子器件集成在一起。从量子处理器的发展推断未来的系统,半导体自旋量子比特在这方面具有独特的优势,使其成为大规模 FTQC 最有力的竞争者之一。在这篇综述中,我们重点讨论了最先进的半导体自旋量子比特系统与 CMOS 工业超大规模集成(VLSI)原理之间的重叠。我们指出了自旋量子比特的运行、材料和系统要求与 CMOS 行业成熟做法之间的主要差异。由于该领域的主要参与者正寻求与 CMOS 行业伙伴合作,本综述有助于加快研发速度,实现 FTQC 处理器的工业规模生产。
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CMOS compatibility of semiconductor spin qubits
Several domains of society will be disrupted once millions of high-quality qubits can be brought together to perform fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). All quantum computing hardware available today is many orders of magnitude removed from the requirements for FTQC. The intimidating challenges associated with integrating such complex systems have already been addressed by the semiconductor industry -hence many qubit makers have retrofitted their technology to be CMOS-compatible. This compatibility, however, can have varying degrees ranging from the mere ability to fabricate qubits using a silicon wafer as a substrate, all the way to the co-integration of qubits with high-yield, low-power advanced electronics to control these qubits. Extrapolating the evolution of quantum processors to future systems, semiconductor spin qubits have unique advantages in this respect, making them one of the most serious contenders for large-scale FTQC. In this review, we focus on the overlap between state-of-the-art semiconductor spin qubit systems and CMOS industry Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) principles. We identify the main differences in spin qubit operation, material, and system requirements compared to well-established CMOS industry practices. As key players in the field are looking to collaborate with CMOS industry partners, this review serves to accelerate R&D towards the industrial scale production of FTQC processors.
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