Ville Isola, Juha J. Hulmi, Theo Mbay, Heikki Kyröläinen, Keijo Häkkinen, Vilho Ahola, Eric R. Helms, Juha P. Ahtiainen
{"title":"体能运动员备赛期间荷尔蒙特征的变化","authors":"Ville Isola, Juha J. Hulmi, Theo Mbay, Heikki Kyröläinen, Keijo Häkkinen, Vilho Ahola, Eric R. Helms, Juha P. Ahtiainen","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05606-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Physique athletes engage in rigorous competition preparation involving intense energy restriction and physical training to enhance muscle definition. This study investigates hormonal changes and their physiological and performance impacts during such preparation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants included female (10 competing (COMP) and 10 non-dieting controls (CTRL)) and male (13 COMP and 10 CTRL) physique athletes. COMP participants were tested 23 weeks before (PRE), one week before (MID), and 23 weeks after the competition (POST). Non-dieting CTRL participants were tested at similar intervals. Measurements included body composition (DXA), muscle cross-sectional area (ultrasound), energy availability (EA) derived by subtracting exercise energy expenditure (EEE) from energy intake (EI) and dividing by fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength, and various serum hormone concentrations (ACTH, cortisol, estradiol, FSH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, insulin, and free and total testosterone and SHBG).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>During the diet, EA (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IGF-1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IGFBP-3 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and absolute muscle strength (<i>p</i> < 0.01–0.001) decreased significantly in both sexes in COMP. Decreases in IGF-1 were also associated with higher loss in FFM. In males, testosterone (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and free testosterone (<i>p</i> < 0.05) decreased, while SHBG (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and cortisol (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased. Insulin decreased significantly only in males (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Mood disturbances, particularly increased fatigue in males (<i>p</i> < 0.05), highlighted the psychological strain of competition preparation. All these changes were restored by increased EA during the post-competition recovery period.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Significant reductions in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 during competition preparation may serve as biomarkers for monitoring physiological stress. This study offers valuable insights into hormonal changes, muscle strength, and mood state during energy-restricted intense training.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Changes in hormonal profiles during competition preparation in physique athletes\",\"authors\":\"Ville Isola, Juha J. Hulmi, Theo Mbay, Heikki Kyröläinen, Keijo Häkkinen, Vilho Ahola, Eric R. Helms, Juha P. Ahtiainen\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00421-024-05606-z\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<h3 data-test=\\\"abstract-sub-heading\\\">Purpose</h3><p>Physique athletes engage in rigorous competition preparation involving intense energy restriction and physical training to enhance muscle definition. This study investigates hormonal changes and their physiological and performance impacts during such preparation.</p><h3 data-test=\\\"abstract-sub-heading\\\">Methods</h3><p>Participants included female (10 competing (COMP) and 10 non-dieting controls (CTRL)) and male (13 COMP and 10 CTRL) physique athletes. COMP participants were tested 23 weeks before (PRE), one week before (MID), and 23 weeks after the competition (POST). Non-dieting CTRL participants were tested at similar intervals. Measurements included body composition (DXA), muscle cross-sectional area (ultrasound), energy availability (EA) derived by subtracting exercise energy expenditure (EEE) from energy intake (EI) and dividing by fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength, and various serum hormone concentrations (ACTH, cortisol, estradiol, FSH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, insulin, and free and total testosterone and SHBG).</p><h3 data-test=\\\"abstract-sub-heading\\\">Results</h3><p>During the diet, EA (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IGF-1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IGFBP-3 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and absolute muscle strength (<i>p</i> < 0.01–0.001) decreased significantly in both sexes in COMP. Decreases in IGF-1 were also associated with higher loss in FFM. In males, testosterone (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and free testosterone (<i>p</i> < 0.05) decreased, while SHBG (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and cortisol (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased. Insulin decreased significantly only in males (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Mood disturbances, particularly increased fatigue in males (<i>p</i> < 0.05), highlighted the psychological strain of competition preparation. All these changes were restored by increased EA during the post-competition recovery period.</p><h3 data-test=\\\"abstract-sub-heading\\\">Conclusion</h3><p>Significant reductions in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 during competition preparation may serve as biomarkers for monitoring physiological stress. 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Changes in hormonal profiles during competition preparation in physique athletes
Purpose
Physique athletes engage in rigorous competition preparation involving intense energy restriction and physical training to enhance muscle definition. This study investigates hormonal changes and their physiological and performance impacts during such preparation.
Methods
Participants included female (10 competing (COMP) and 10 non-dieting controls (CTRL)) and male (13 COMP and 10 CTRL) physique athletes. COMP participants were tested 23 weeks before (PRE), one week before (MID), and 23 weeks after the competition (POST). Non-dieting CTRL participants were tested at similar intervals. Measurements included body composition (DXA), muscle cross-sectional area (ultrasound), energy availability (EA) derived by subtracting exercise energy expenditure (EEE) from energy intake (EI) and dividing by fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength, and various serum hormone concentrations (ACTH, cortisol, estradiol, FSH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, insulin, and free and total testosterone and SHBG).
Results
During the diet, EA (p < 0.001), IGF-1 (p < 0.001), IGFBP-3 (p < 0.01), and absolute muscle strength (p < 0.01–0.001) decreased significantly in both sexes in COMP. Decreases in IGF-1 were also associated with higher loss in FFM. In males, testosterone (p < 0.01) and free testosterone (p < 0.05) decreased, while SHBG (p < 0.001) and cortisol (p < 0.05) increased. Insulin decreased significantly only in males (p < 0.001). Mood disturbances, particularly increased fatigue in males (p < 0.05), highlighted the psychological strain of competition preparation. All these changes were restored by increased EA during the post-competition recovery period.
Conclusion
Significant reductions in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 during competition preparation may serve as biomarkers for monitoring physiological stress. This study offers valuable insights into hormonal changes, muscle strength, and mood state during energy-restricted intense training.
期刊介绍：
The European Journal of Applied Physiology (EJAP) aims to promote mechanistic advances in human integrative and translational physiology. Physiology is viewed broadly, having overlapping context with related disciplines such as biomechanics, biochemistry, endocrinology, ergonomics, immunology, motor control, and nutrition. EJAP welcomes studies dealing with physical exercise, training and performance. Studies addressing physiological mechanisms are preferred over descriptive studies. Papers dealing with animal models or pathophysiological conditions are not excluded from consideration, but must be clearly relevant to human physiology.
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