Recent advances in carbon-based catalysts for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia

The damage caused by water pollution has seriously affected human health, in which nitrate is difficult to remove effectively because of its stability and solubility in the water environment. Among the various technologies for nitrate removal, electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate to ammonia is one of the best choice because of its green and efficient nature as well as its ability to “turn waste into treasure”. In recent years, the development of high-performance electrocatalysts to promote the activity of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (NO₃RR) has received extensive attention from researchers. Among various electrocatalytic materials for NO₃RR, carbon-based catalysts have become a promising electrocatalyst due to the advantages of affordable price, controllable structure, excellent stability and exceptional reactivity. Focusing on the carbon-based materials, this review summarizes the research progress of carbon-based catalysts for NO₃RR in recent years, including heteroatom-doped carbon-based catalysts as well as metal and metal oxide-loaded or modified carbon-based catalysts. Opinions on the current challenges and future research directions of carbon-based catalysts for NO₃RR are also presented. This review hopes to provide some references and principles for the design and preparation of carbon-based catalysts for high-performanceNO₃RR process.