Vertical Profile Climatology of Polarimetric Radar Variables and Retrieved Microphysical Parameters in Synoptic and Lake Effect Snowstorms

This study derives polarimetric radar vertical profiles and microphysical retrievals for 25 Synoptic Snow (SS) and 23 Lake Effect Snow (LES) cases using the Range-Defined Quasi-Vertical Profiles (RD-QVP), Columnar Vertical Profiles (CVP), and Process-oriented Vertical Profiles (POVP) methods. For all vertical profile techniques, SS cases exhibit a near-linear increase in reflectivity from −30 to 0°C whereas Z_DR and K_dp locally peak in the dendritic growth layer. LES cases universally exhibit negative Z_DR, rather high Z, negligible K_dp, and near-unity ρ_hv. Ground measurements from the past OWLeS campaign provide direct evidence that conical graupel may strongly affect these polarimetric measurements in LES bands. Aggregation efficiencies for SS cases are estimated by optimizing the theoretical number concentration (N_t) and mean volume diameter (D_m) steady-state vertical profiles against radar-retrieved profiles derived from 20 of the 25 synoptic storm RD-QVPs. The median estimated aggregation efficiency is approximately 0.15 with a relatively narrow interquartile range that spans from 0.1 to just over 0.2. Values of optimized aggregation efficiencies are nearly independent of the assumed gamma distribution shape parameter. These results are used to derive temperature-dependent, climatological steady-state relations for vertical profiles of N_t, D_m, and liquid-equivalent snowfall rates. These results can be used in numerical weather prediction model aggregation parameterizations and can also provide climatologically representative vertical profiles of radar and microphysical quantities.