Zhikang Xu, Haochen Zhang, Min Zhu, Ying Ji, Peng Xue, Jingchao Xie, Yuguo Li, Nan Zhang
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Human behavior-based COVID-19 transmission in two dining spaces
Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly disseminated globally, posing significant threats to the world. The dining spaces are high-risk indoor environments for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, posing challenges for intervention and control. This study, based on surveillance videos from two COVID-19 outbreak cases in restaurants, obtained real data on human behaviors of close contact and surface touch. A respiratory infectious disease transmission model was developed, incorporating four transmission routes: short-range airborne, long-range airborne, fomite and large droplet. The results indicate that diners and staff spent 21.9%-28.7% and 17.5%-27.8% of their time on speaking, respectively, while spending 85.9%-90.7% and 83.4%-87.6% of their time on surface touching. The primary transmission routes were short-range (contributing 5.8%-70.9%) and long-range airborne (contributing 28.4%-93.0%), with fomite and large droplet routes contributing less than 12%. Staff-only mask wearing reduced infection risk by 12.8%-31.8%. It is recommended that mandatory mask wearing for staff is necessary, while diners should wear masks as much as possible, and that the equivalent ventilation rate of clean fresh air is suggested to 30 m3/ (h ·person). This study provides a scientific support to make non-pharmaceutical interventions in dinning spaces.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Hazardous Materials serves as a global platform for promoting cutting-edge research in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. Our publication features a wide range of articles, including full-length research papers, review articles, and perspectives, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the dangers and risks associated with various materials concerning public health and the environment. It is important to note that the term "environmental contaminants" refers specifically to substances that pose hazardous effects through contamination, while excluding those that do not have such impacts on the environment or human health. Moreover, we emphasize the distinction between wastes and hazardous materials in order to provide further clarity on the scope of the journal. We have a keen interest in exploring specific compounds and microbial agents that have adverse effects on the environment.