Levelized cost of long-distance large-scale transportation of hydrogen in China

Hydrogen plays a crucial role in supporting the transition to clean energy systems, and effective hydrogen transportation technologies are essential for the development of the hydrogen economy. However, long-distance, large-scale hydrogen transportation costs in China, particularly for liquid hydrogen trucks (LH2 tank trucks) and gaseous hydrogen pipelines (GH2 pipelines), remain unknown. Using the latest data from the ongoing hydrogen project in China and a techno-economic model, this study estimates the delivery costs of hydrogen over long distances for LH2 tank trucks and GH2 pipelines, and compares them with those of GH2 trucks. Specifically, we analyze the levelized cost of hydrogen transportation (LCOT) for these different technologies at varying distances and conduct sensitivity analyses on how these LCOT would change with factors such as vehicle travel speed, electricity prices, and pipeline capacity. Results show that for short distances (<150 km), GH2 trucks are most cost-effective, with costs around 28.96–34.26 CNY/ton-km. For long distances (>200 km), GH2 pipelines and LH2 tank trucks are more suitable, with pipelines being more cost-effective at higher capacity utilization rates. Lower electricity prices further reduce the LCOT for LH2 tank trucks. Policy recommendations on promoting the development and application of hydrogen transportation technologies are also provided.