A novel bio-template strategy of assembled silver nanowires with cluster-random structure via tomato epidermis for transparent electromagnetic interference shielding and joule heating

Transparent conductors (TCs) are applied in electromagnetic interference shielding and transparent electronic heaters due to their superior optoelectronic performance. Herein, a bio-template-based self-assembly strategy for silver nanowires (AgNWs) is employed to create novel “island-like” AgNW cluster morphologies, distinguishing from traditional random or circular shapes of AgNWs on PEN substrate. The unique structure ensures multidimensional pathways for free electron migration while concentrating visible light channels. Utilizing ultrasonic spray coating, AgNW random networks cover the clusters, bridge inter-cluster gaps, and ensure outstanding optoelectronic performance. Employing patterned self-assembled AgNWs combined with random networks marks a pioneering approach to achieving precise tunable electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) in the X-band and optical transmittance, accommodating the diverse needs of various environments. The composite structure, featuring bottomed AgNW clusters and topped AgNW random networks (CRS), displays high transmittance with single-layer coating, achieving a remarkable figure of merit (FoM) of 15,481 (T@550 nm = 99.90%, Rs = 25.26 Ω/sq). This configuration also provides EMI shielding of 20.04 dB in the X-band, meeting commercial standards. Additional layers enhance the CRS films’ optoelectronic stability accompanied by tunable EMI shielding and excellent Joule heating performance.