Advances in biofilm characterization: utilizing rheology and atomic force microscopy in foods and related fields

Biofilms pose significant challenges in various fields, including food, healthcare, and environmental industries, where they compromise safety, quality, and operational efficiency. Understanding their behavior, evaluating antimicrobial efficacy, developing control strategies, and implementing monitoring systems are crucial steps in mitigating biofilm-related risks. This review explores the integration of rheology and atomic force microscopy techniques as powerful tools for addressing these challenges. Rheological models provide insights into biofilm viscoelastic properties, aiding in monitoring and predicting their behavior under diverse environmental conditions. From bulk rheological characterizations to micro-scale measurements, studies elucidate the complex interplay between environmental factors and biofilm development, informing strategies for disinfection and product optimization. AFM enables visualization of biofilm morphology, quantification of surface roughness, and probing of mechanical interactions at the nanoscale. Integration with other analytical techniques offers comprehensive insights into biofilm structure–function relationships, guiding innovative biofilm management strategies. Current applications span antimicrobial effectiveness assessments, biofilm control strategy design, and monitoring of biofilm contamination across industries. Leveraging interdisciplinary approaches holds promising potential to deepen our understanding of biofilms and develop more effective interventions, safeguarding product quality and human health. This review underscores the pivotal role of rheology and AFM in characterizing biofilms and addressing biofilm-related challenges in these fields, where continued research and innovation are essential for advancing our understanding and enhancing control strategies.

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