The approaches to conducting in-situ heterostructure electrodes for SOCs: A mini review

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) are renowned for their high efficiency in the direct conversion of various fuels into electricity, as well as their capacity to produce green hydrogen or added value commodities derived from renewable electricity. Additionally, they facilitate the simultaneous production of electricity, thermal energy, and hydrogen based on demand. To enhance performance and ensure long-term durability, substantial research efforts over the past decades have been devoted to developing high-performance electrodes. Among these, the creation of in-situ heterostructure electrodes or surfaces, characterized by unique compositions and structures distinct from the bulk phase, has proven to be an effective approach. This article commences with a succinct review of recent advancements in the development of in-situ heterostructures for SOCs. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive summary of seven methodologies from current literature. Furthermore, we critically examine the existing limitations in the in-situ construction of heterostructures. We aspire that this timely review will furnish valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that enhance performance and will establish a scientific basis for the development of electrodes with optimal efficiency by deliberate design.