Exploring the Potential of Deep-Learning and Machine-Learning in Dual-Band Antenna Design

This article presents an in-depth exploration of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) for the optimization and design of dual-band antennas in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Dual-band antennas, which are essential for the functionality of current and forthcoming flexible wireless communication systems, face increasing complexity and design challenges as demands and requirements for IoT-connected devices become more challenging. The study demonstrates how artificial intelligence (AI) can streamline the antenna design process, enabling customization for specific frequency ranges or performance characteristics without exhaustive manual tuning. By utilizing ML and DL tools, this research not only enhances the efficiency of the design process but also achieves optimal antenna performance with significant time savings. The integration of AI in antenna design marks a notable advancement over traditional methods, offering a systematic approach to achieving dual-band functionality tailored to modern communication needs. We approached the antenna design as a regression problem, using the reflection coefficient, operating frequency, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio as input parameters. The ML and DL models then are used to predict the corresponding design parameters for the antenna by using 1,000 samples, from which 700 are allocated for training and 300 for testing. This effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through the successful application of various ML techniques, including Fine Gaussian Support Vector Machines (SVM), as well as Regressor and Residual Neural Networks (ResNet) with different activation functions, to optimize the design of a dual-band T-shaped monopole antenna, thereby substantiating AI's transformative potential in antenna design.