Alicia C Cavanaugh, Honor R Bixby, Saeesh Mangwani, Samuel Agyei-Mensah, Cynthia Azochiman Awuni, Jill C Baumgartner, George Owusu and Brian E Robinson
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Using a novel dataset constructed from the 100% Ghanian Census, we examine poverty and inequality at a fine population level across and within multiple dimensions of well-being. First, we describe how well-being varies within different Ghanian SES contexts. Second, we ask whether monetary consumption acts a good indicator for well-being across these contexts. Third, we examine measures of inequality in various metrics across SES types. We find consumption distributions differ across SES types and are markedly distinct from regional distributions based on political boundaries. Rates of improved well-being are positively correlated with consumption levels in all SES types, but correlations are weaker in less-developed contexts like, rangelands and wildlands. Finally, while consumption inequality is quite consistent across SES types, inequality in other measures of living standards (housing, water, sanitation, etc) increases dramatically in SES types as population density and infrastructural development decreases. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
当地的社会和生态环境以多种方式影响着人们对贫困和不平等的体验,包括塑造生计机会,决定可用的基础设施、服务和环境资源,以及人们使用这些资源的能力。用于定义贫困和不平等的指标具有指导地方和国际发展政策的作用,但这些指标如何与当地生态环境相互作用却没有得到很好的探讨。我们从社会生态系统(SES)的角度出发,在加纳全国范围内实证研究了环境与人类福祉的各种衡量标准之间的关系。我们利用从加纳 100% 人口普查中构建的新数据集,从人口的细微层面研究了多个福祉维度之间的贫困和不平等问题。首先,我们描述了加纳不同社会经济地位背景下的福祉差异。其次,我们询问在这些背景下,货币消费是否是衡量幸福感的良好指标。第三,我们研究了不同社会经济地位类型的各种不平等指标。我们发现不同社会经济地位类型的消费分布各不相同,并且与基于政治边界的地区分布明显不同。在所有社会经济地位类型中,福利改善率与消费水平呈正相关,但在牧场和荒地等欠发达地区,相关性较弱。最后,虽然消费不平等在不同的社会经济地位类型中相当一致,但随着人口密度和基础设施发展水平的降低,其他生活水平衡量指标(住房、水、卫生设施等)的不平等在社会经济地位类型中急剧增加。我们主张,应将 SES 类型视为不同的环境,在这些环境中,减轻贫困和不平等的行动应更好地考虑到每种环境所面临的独特挑战。
From consumption to context: assessing poverty and inequality across diverse socio-ecological systems in Ghana
Local social and ecological contexts influence the experience of poverty and inequality in a number of ways that include shaping livelihood opportunities and determining the available infrastructure, services and environmental resources, as well as people’s capacity to use them. The metrics used to define poverty and inequality function to guide local and international development policy but how these interact with the local ecological contexts is not well explored. We use a social-ecological systems (SES) lens to empirically examine how context relates to various measures of human well-being at a national scale in Ghana. Using a novel dataset constructed from the 100% Ghanian Census, we examine poverty and inequality at a fine population level across and within multiple dimensions of well-being. First, we describe how well-being varies within different Ghanian SES contexts. Second, we ask whether monetary consumption acts a good indicator for well-being across these contexts. Third, we examine measures of inequality in various metrics across SES types. We find consumption distributions differ across SES types and are markedly distinct from regional distributions based on political boundaries. Rates of improved well-being are positively correlated with consumption levels in all SES types, but correlations are weaker in less-developed contexts like, rangelands and wildlands. Finally, while consumption inequality is quite consistent across SES types, inequality in other measures of living standards (housing, water, sanitation, etc) increases dramatically in SES types as population density and infrastructural development decreases. We advocate that SES types should be recognized as distinct contexts in which actions to mitigate poverty and inequality should better incorporate the challenges unique to each.