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Deciphering the degradation of sulfonamides by UV/chlorination in aqueous solution: kinetics, reaction pathways, and toxicological evolution 水溶液中紫外线/氯化作用对磺胺类药物降解的解密:动力学、反应途径和毒理学演变
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad7700
Shah Bano, Asam Shad, Haifa A Alqhtani, May Bin-Jumah, Naif G Altoom and Ahmed A Allam
UV/Cl is a cost-effective process and is often used in municipal water treatment plants as well as in industrial applications. UV/Cl method is found highly effective in degrading contaminants, including pathogens, The conventional methods for water treatment have been proven inefficient for the complete elimination of pollutants and generate harmful by-products in the environment. This study evaluated the efficacy of three different treatment methods, chlorination alone, UV photolysis, and UV/Cl, for the degradation of sulfonamides (SAs) in water. The results highlighted that UV/Cl treatment was an efficient method for enhancing the degradation of sulfisoxazole (SFX), sulfadimethoxine (SAT), and sulfaguanidine (SG), with substrates degrading in 5, 6.5, and 4 min. The study also investigated the reactive species generated in the UV/Cl system and found that ·OH was the species responsible for the elimination of SFX. Additionally, the study explored the intermediate products generated during the degradation of SFX under the UV/Cl system, identifying VI distinct degradation pathways. The presence of ·OH radicals significantly enhanced the degradation of SFX, while some chlorine species also contributed to the degradation. The study predicted the toxicity of degradation products from the UV/Cl system using the ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships) program and found that the final degradation products of SFX were non-toxic, but concerns were raised about acute toxicity.
紫外线/Cl 是一种经济有效的工艺,常用于市政水处理厂和工业应用中。事实证明,传统的水处理方法不能有效地彻底消除污染物,还会在环境中产生有害的副产品。本研究评估了三种不同处理方法(单独氯化法、紫外线光解法和紫外线/氯化法)降解水中磺胺类药物(SAs)的功效。结果表明,紫外线/Cl 处理是提高磺胺异噁唑(SFX)、磺胺二甲氧嗪(SAT)和磺胺脒(SG)降解的有效方法,底物分别在 5 分钟、6.5 分钟和 4 分钟内降解。研究还调查了 UV/Cl 系统中产生的反应物,发现-OH 是消除 SFX 的反应物。此外,该研究还探讨了 SFX 在紫外线/Cl 系统下降解过程中产生的中间产物,确定了六种不同的降解途径。-OH自由基的存在极大地促进了SFX的降解,而一些氯物种也有助于降解。研究利用生态结构活动关系(ECOSAR)程序预测了紫外线/氯化系统降解产物的毒性,发现 SFX 的最终降解产物无毒,但对其急性毒性表示担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of atmospheric response induced by preceding typhoon on movement of subsequent typhoon over Northwestern Pacific 前一个台风引起的大气响应对后一个台风在西北太平洋上空移动的影响
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad6cac
Su-Jung Lee, Joon-Ho Lee and Kuk Jin Kim
This study investigates the atmospheric interactions between two closely located typhoons in 2019. Typhoons in the Western Pacific significantly impact Eastern and Southeastern Asian countries, leading to various damages. As global warming is expected to increase typhoon intensity, accurate track forecasting becomes crucial for coastal disaster management. Despite the existing knowledge about the influence of typhoon activities on the atmospheric background, limited research addresses the atmospheric response between two typhoons. The study focuses on the cases of LEKIMA and KROSA, occurring simultaneously in 2019, and utilizes the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for simulations. The experimental setup involves comparing two scenarios: one with both typhoons and one with LEKIMA removed. Results reveal LEKIMA-induced distinctive atmospheric responses, including the closure of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) boundary and the formulation of a wave train, influencing KROSA’s stagnation. The absence of LEKIMA allows KROSA to move more freely along the steering flow. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of atmospheric models for understanding typhoon effects at regional to mesoscale levels. A comprehensive analysis of similar cases could enhance typhoon predictions, contributing to better damage mitigation strategies.
本研究调查了 2019 年两个距离很近的台风之间的大气相互作用。西太平洋的台风严重影响东亚和东南亚国家,造成各种损失。由于全球变暖预计会增加台风强度,因此准确的路径预报对沿海灾害管理至关重要。尽管人们已经了解台风活动对大气背景的影响,但针对两个台风之间大气响应的研究却很有限。本研究重点关注 2019 年同时发生的 LEKIMA 和 KROSA,并利用天气研究与预报(WRF)模型进行模拟。实验设置包括比较两种情况:一种是同时有两个台风,另一种是去掉了 LEKIMA。结果显示,LEKIMA 引发了独特的大气响应,包括北太平洋西部副热带高压(WNPSH)边界的关闭和波列的形成,从而影响了 KROSA 的停滞。LEKIMA 的缺席使 KROSA 能够更自由地沿着转向流移动。此外,这项研究还强调了大气模型在了解区域到中尺度级别的台风影响方面的潜力。对类似情况的全面分析可加强台风预测,有助于制定更好的减灾战略。
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引用次数: 0
From consumption to context: assessing poverty and inequality across diverse socio-ecological systems in Ghana 从消费到环境:评估加纳不同社会生态系统中的贫困和不平等现象
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad76ff
Alicia C Cavanaugh, Honor R Bixby, Saeesh Mangwani, Samuel Agyei-Mensah, Cynthia Azochiman Awuni, Jill C Baumgartner, George Owusu and Brian E Robinson
Local social and ecological contexts influence the experience of poverty and inequality in a number of ways that include shaping livelihood opportunities and determining the available infrastructure, services and environmental resources, as well as people’s capacity to use them. The metrics used to define poverty and inequality function to guide local and international development policy but how these interact with the local ecological contexts is not well explored. We use a social-ecological systems (SES) lens to empirically examine how context relates to various measures of human well-being at a national scale in Ghana. Using a novel dataset constructed from the 100% Ghanian Census, we examine poverty and inequality at a fine population level across and within multiple dimensions of well-being. First, we describe how well-being varies within different Ghanian SES contexts. Second, we ask whether monetary consumption acts a good indicator for well-being across these contexts. Third, we examine measures of inequality in various metrics across SES types. We find consumption distributions differ across SES types and are markedly distinct from regional distributions based on political boundaries. Rates of improved well-being are positively correlated with consumption levels in all SES types, but correlations are weaker in less-developed contexts like, rangelands and wildlands. Finally, while consumption inequality is quite consistent across SES types, inequality in other measures of living standards (housing, water, sanitation, etc) increases dramatically in SES types as population density and infrastructural development decreases. We advocate that SES types should be recognized as distinct contexts in which actions to mitigate poverty and inequality should better incorporate the challenges unique to each.
当地的社会和生态环境以多种方式影响着人们对贫困和不平等的体验,包括塑造生计机会,决定可用的基础设施、服务和环境资源,以及人们使用这些资源的能力。用于定义贫困和不平等的指标具有指导地方和国际发展政策的作用,但这些指标如何与当地生态环境相互作用却没有得到很好的探讨。我们从社会生态系统(SES)的角度出发,在加纳全国范围内实证研究了环境与人类福祉的各种衡量标准之间的关系。我们利用从加纳 100% 人口普查中构建的新数据集,从人口的细微层面研究了多个福祉维度之间的贫困和不平等问题。首先,我们描述了加纳不同社会经济地位背景下的福祉差异。其次,我们询问在这些背景下,货币消费是否是衡量幸福感的良好指标。第三,我们研究了不同社会经济地位类型的各种不平等指标。我们发现不同社会经济地位类型的消费分布各不相同,并且与基于政治边界的地区分布明显不同。在所有社会经济地位类型中,福利改善率与消费水平呈正相关,但在牧场和荒地等欠发达地区,相关性较弱。最后,虽然消费不平等在不同的社会经济地位类型中相当一致,但随着人口密度和基础设施发展水平的降低,其他生活水平衡量指标(住房、水、卫生设施等)的不平等在社会经济地位类型中急剧增加。我们主张,应将 SES 类型视为不同的环境,在这些环境中,减轻贫困和不平等的行动应更好地考虑到每种环境所面临的独特挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal in water and wastewater treatment plants: overall efficiency and performance of adsorption 水和废水处理厂去除全氟和多氟烷基物质:吸附的总体效率和性能
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad75ea
Yaru Peng, Wei Hu and Xi-Zhi Niu
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous environment attracted prodigious attention due to the deleterious effects and environmental persistence. Many studies suggested that adsorption is an economical and efficient method to remove PFAS and a variety of adsorbents were developed. However, few adsorbents were conveniently applicable in real wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) or drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). This review discusses the gap between laboratory results of PFAS removal by adsorbents and the realistic efficiency in water treatment. First, the overall performance of PFAS removal by conventional WWTPs and DWTPs was discussed. Second, PFAS removal efficiencies by different units along the treatment trains of DWTPs were compared and summarized. Third, benchtop results for the efficiency of different adsorbents including activated carbon, ion exchange resin, minerals, and metal–organic frameworks were reviewed. These studies collectively concluded that dissolved organic matter in water is the most consequential component influencing the absorptive removal of PFAS; PFAS removal efficacy was discounted in water enriched in organic matter due to competitive absorption. To obtain application implications, research on novel adsorbents of high selectivity is suggested to couple with realistic demonstration. As the battle with ‘forever chemicals’ escalates, this is a timely and insightful review to help future research efforts bridge the gaps between laboratory performance and realistic removal of PFAS applying adsorbents.
水环境中的全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)因其有害影响和环境持久性而备受关注。许多研究表明,吸附是一种经济、高效的去除 PFAS 的方法,并开发出了多种吸附剂。然而,很少有吸附剂能方便地应用于实际的污水处理厂或饮用水处理厂。本综述讨论了吸附剂去除 PFAS 的实验室结果与水处理实际效率之间的差距。首先,讨论了传统污水处理厂和 DWTPs 去除 PFAS 的总体性能。其次,比较并总结了污水处理厂处理流程中不同单元对 PFAS 的去除效率。第三,对不同吸附剂(包括活性炭、离子交换树脂、矿物质和金属有机框架)的效率进行了桌面研究。这些研究共同得出的结论是,水中溶解的有机物是影响全氟辛烷磺酸吸收去除的最主要成分;在富含有机物的水中,由于竞争性吸收,全氟辛烷磺酸的去除效果会大打折扣。为获得应用意义,建议将高选择性新型吸附剂的研究与实际示范相结合。随着与 "永远的化学品 "的斗争不断升级,这篇及时而有见地的综述有助于未来的研究工作缩小实验室性能与应用吸附剂实际去除全氟辛烷磺酸之间的差距。
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引用次数: 0
Future projections of storm surge in Hurricane Katrina and sensitivity to meteorological forcing resolution 卡特里娜飓风风暴潮的未来预测以及对气象强迫分辨率的敏感性
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad7351
Derrick K Danso and Christina M Patricola
In this study, we investigated whether and how the storm surge induced by Hurricane Katrina could change if it occurs in a future warmer climate, and the sensitivity of the changes to atmospheric forcing resolution. Climate model simulations of Hurricane Katrina at 27 km, 4.5 km, and 3 km resolutions were used to drive storm surge simulations in historical and future climates using the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model. We found that peak surge height increased significantly in the future with all forcing resolutions. However, the future projection is 22% greater in the 3 km forcing, typical of regional climate models, compared to the 27 km forcing, typical of state-of-the-art global climate models. Additionally, the spatial extent of the future change is highly sensitive to forcing resolution, extending most broadly under the 27 km forcing. Furthermore, we found that storm surge duration decreases in the future with all forcing resolutions due to increasing TC translation speed and decreasing ocean lifetime. However, the future change in the surge duration is sensitive to the forcing resolution, decreasing by 31% in the 27 km forcing and 6% in the 3 km forcing.
在这项研究中,我们研究了如果卡特里娜飓风在未来气候变暖的情况下发生,飓风引起的风暴潮是否会发生变化以及如何变化,并研究了变化对大气强迫分辨率的敏感性。使用 ADvanced CIRCulation(ADCIRC)模型,以 27 千米、4.5 千米和 3 千米分辨率对卡特里娜飓风进行气候模型模拟,以驱动历史和未来气候下的风暴潮模拟。我们发现,在所有强迫分辨率下,未来的峰值浪涌高度都会显著增加。然而,与最先进的全球气候模式的典型参数 27 千米相比,区域气候模式的典型参数 3 千米的未来预测值要高出 22%。此外,未来变化的空间范围对模拟分辨率非常敏感,在 27 千米模拟分辨率下变化范围最广。此外,我们还发现,由于热带气旋平移速度的增加和海洋寿命的缩短,未来风暴潮持续时间在所有强迫分辨率下都会缩短。然而,未来风暴潮持续时间的变化对强迫分辨率非常敏感,在 27 千米强迫条件下减少了 31%,在 3 千米强迫条件下减少了 6%。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of uncertainty in humidity and model parameters on the prediction of contrail energy forcing 湿度和模型参数的不确定性对飞行迹线能量强迫预测的影响
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad6ee5
John C Platt, Marc L Shapiro, Zebediah Engberg, Kevin McCloskey, Scott Geraedts, Tharun Sankar, Marc E J Stettler, Roger Teoh, Ulrich Schumann, Susanne Rohs, Erica Brand and Christopher Van Arsdale
Previous work has shown that while the net effect of aircraft condensation trails (contrails) on the climate is warming, the exact magnitude of the energy forcing per meter of contrail remains uncertain. In this paper, we explore the skill of a Lagrangian contrail model (CoCiP) in identifying flight segments with high contrail energy forcing. We find that skill is greater than climatological predictions alone, even accounting for uncertainty in weather fields and model parameters. We estimate the uncertainty due to humidity by using the ensemble ERA5 weather reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) as Monte Carlo inputs to CoCiP. We unbias and correct under-dispersion on the ERA5 humidity data by forcing a match to the distribution of in situ humidity measurements taken at cruising altitude. We take CoCiP energy forcing estimates calculated using one of the ensemble members as a proxy for ground truth, and report the skill of CoCiP in identifying segments with large positive proxy energy forcing. We further estimate the uncertainty due to model parameters in CoCiP by performing Monte Carlo simulations with CoCiP model parameters drawn from uncertainty distributions consistent with the literature. When CoCiP outputs are averaged over seasons to form climatological predictions, the skill in predicting the proxy is 44%, while the skill of per-flight CoCiP outputs is 84%. If these results carry over to the true (unknown) contrail EF, they indicate that per-flight energy forcing predictions can reduce the number of potential contrail avoidance route adjustments by 2x, hence reducing both the cost and fuel impact of contrail avoidance.
以往的研究表明,虽然飞机凝结的尾迹对气候的净影响是变暖,但每米尾迹能量强迫的确切大小仍不确定。在本文中,我们探讨了拉格朗日烟云模型(CoCiP)在识别高烟云能量强迫的飞行段方面的技能。我们发现,即使考虑到天气场和模型参数的不确定性,该技能也比单纯的气候学预测要强。我们使用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的 ERA5 天气再分析集合作为 CoCiP 的蒙特卡罗输入,估算了湿度带来的不确定性。我们通过强制与巡航高度的实地湿度测量分布相匹配,对ERA5湿度数据进行去偏和修正。我们将使用集合成员之一计算的 CoCiP 能量强迫估算值作为地面实况的替代值,并报告了 CoCiP 在识别具有大量正替代能量强迫的区段方面的技能。通过蒙特卡罗模拟,我们进一步估算了CoCiP模型参数的不确定性,CoCiP模型参数取自与文献一致的不确定性分布。当CoCiP输出被平均到各季以形成气候学预测时,预测代用值的技能为44%,而每飞行CoCiP输出的技能为84%。如果这些结果也适用于真实的(未知的)飞行禁忌 EF,则表明每次飞行的能量强迫预测可以将潜在的飞行禁忌路线调整次数减少 2 倍,从而降低飞行禁忌的成本和对燃料的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Designing serious games to advance climate change adaptation 设计严肃游戏,推进气候变化适应
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad6f75
Emily Nabong and Aaron Opdyke
The escalating impact of climate change necessitates innovative strategies to enhance public understanding and action. This research delves into the potential of serious games as transformative tools for climate change education and adaptation. Despite their rising popularity, serious games face challenges in effectively conveying complex climate science concepts and achieving desired learning outcomes. This study builds upon existing frameworks to propose tailored guidelines for designing serious games focused on climate change adaptation. We anchor our guidelines on the Design, Play, Experience (DPE) framework to scaffold strategies to create more effective serious games for climate change adaptation. We propose 11 elements that should be considered between player engagement and design when creating serious games. Through iterative playtesting and community involvement, we underscore the significance of reflecting on language, comprehension, timing, and social dynamics. This work bridges the gap between scientific knowledge and actionable insights in the development of serious games to equip decision-makers and communities with the tools to combat the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.
气候变化的影响日益加剧,因此有必要采取创新战略,加强公众的理解和行动。本研究探讨了严肃游戏作为气候变化教育和适应的变革性工具的潜力。尽管严肃游戏越来越受欢迎,但它们在有效传达复杂的气候科学概念和实现预期学习成果方面面临挑战。本研究在现有框架的基础上,为设计以气候变化适应为重点的严肃游戏提出了量身定制的指导原则。我们将指南建立在 "设计、游戏、体验"(DPE)框架的基础上,为创造更有效的气候变化适应严肃游戏的策略提供支架。我们提出了在创建严肃游戏时玩家参与和设计之间应考虑的 11 个要素。通过迭代游戏测试和社区参与,我们强调了反思语言、理解、时机和社会动态的重要性。这项工作弥补了严肃游戏开发中科学知识与可操作见解之间的差距,为决策者和社区提供了应对气候变化带来的多方面挑战的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating D-InSAR performance to detect small water level fluctuations in two small lakes in Sweden 评估 D-InSAR 在探测瑞典两个小湖泊的微小水位波动方面的性能
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad7701
Saeid Aminjafari, Ian A Brown and Fernando Jaramillo
Monitoring lake water level fluctuations is critical for managing water resources, predicting the impacts of climatic change, and preserving ecosystem services lakes provide. However, traditional gauging stations are insufficient to monitor all lakes worldwide due to the large number of existing lakes, the challenges of installation and maintenance, and the remote locations of some. Although satellite altimetry is an alternative for measuring water levels, it cannot monitor small lakes effectively. This study evaluates the potential of Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) for tracking minor water level changes in small lakes, a method more typically used in wetland studies. We investigate two Swedish lakes using Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B data from 2019, generating six-day interferograms and filtering out those with in situ water level changes exceeding one phase cycle. Our results show that D-InSAR can detect small water level changes with Lin’s correlations up to 0.63 and 0.89 and RMSE values of approximately 9 and 4 mm, respectively. These results evidence the potential of future L-band SAR missions with larger wavelengths, such as the NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), to track water level changes in lakes and aid water tracking missions such as the SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography).
监测湖泊水位波动对于管理水资源、预测气候变化的影响以及保护湖泊提供的生态系统服务至关重要。然而,由于现有湖泊数量众多、安装和维护难度大以及一些湖泊地处偏远,传统的测量站不足以监测全球所有湖泊。虽然卫星测高法是测量水位的一种替代方法,但它无法对小型湖泊进行有效监测。本研究评估了差分干涉合成孔径雷达(D-InSAR)跟踪小湖泊水位微小变化的潜力,这种方法通常用于湿地研究。我们利用 2019 年的哨兵-1A 和哨兵-1B 数据对瑞典的两个湖泊进行了研究,生成了六天的干涉图,并过滤掉了原地水位变化超过一个相位周期的干涉图。我们的结果表明,D-InSAR 可以探测到微小的水位变化,其林氏相关系数分别高达 0.63 和 0.89,RMSE 值分别约为 9 毫米和 4 毫米。这些结果证明,未来波长更大的 L 波段合成孔径雷达任务,如美国国家航空航天局(NASA)和印度空间研究组织(ISRO)的 NASA-ISRO 合成孔径雷达(NISAR),具有跟踪湖泊水位变化和协助 SWOT(地表水和海洋地形图)等水跟踪任务的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
High rates of hydrogen sulfide emissions measured from marginal oil wells near Austin and San Antonio, Texas 从德克萨斯州奥斯汀和圣安东尼奥附近的边际油井测得的高硫化氢排放率
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad75f0
Amy Townsend-Small, Abigail Edgar, Julianne M Fernandez, Amy Jackson and Nathan Currit
Marginal oil and gas wells, or wells that produce less than 15 barrels of oil equivalent per day, represent 80% of actively producing wells in the United States, although they produce less than 10% of energy supply. Marginal wells are a disproportionate source of methane (CH4) relative to their production, and they emit harmful air pollutants, such as benzene and other hydrocarbons found in oil and natural gas. We made direct measurements of CH4 and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from 46 wellheads in the Luling Field, Caldwell County, Texas, just east of the Austin/San Antonio Metroplex. We found that these wells are venting natural gas and are a large source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a poisonous air pollutant. Hydrogen sulfide emission rates ranged from 0 to 5 ± 0.5 g H2S hr−1 with an average emission rate of 1.6 ± 0.1 g H2S hr−1. We also found ambient concentrations of H2S at dangerous levels (>100 ppm) near many of the wells. Methane emission rates were in line with previous studies of marginal wells, ranging from 0.0 to 2770 ± 390 g CH4 hr−1, with a skewed distribution and average emission rate of 710 ± 100 g CH4 hr−1. Oil production records from Texas were incomplete: some wells had oil production data from the year of sampling, but many had no production data for several years or decades, although they were actively pumping while we were on site. Interviews with local residents indicate that the closing of the county gas processing plant and subsequent loss of gathering lines may be the cause of gas venting and CH4 and H2S emissions from production sites. This deserves further scrutiny, as marginal wells in this region are a major source of H2S, a health hazard to people living and working nearby.
边缘油井和天然气井,即日产量低于 15 桶石油当量的油井,占美国活跃生产油井的 80%,尽管它们的产量不到能源供应的 10%。相对于其产量,边际油井是不成比例的甲烷 (CH4) 来源,它们会排放有害的空气污染物,如苯以及石油和天然气中的其他碳氢化合物。我们对德克萨斯州考德威尔县卢灵油田(位于奥斯汀/圣安东尼奥大都会区以东)的 46 个井口的 CH4 和硫化氢 (H2S) 排放量进行了直接测量。我们发现,这些油井正在排放天然气,是有毒空气污染物硫化氢 (H2S) 的大量来源。硫化氢的排放率从 0 到 5 ± 0.5 g H2S hr-1 不等,平均排放率为 1.6 ± 0.1 g H2S hr-1。我们还发现许多水井附近的 H2S 环境浓度达到了危险水平(>100 ppm)。甲烷排放率与之前对边际油井的研究结果一致,从 0.0 到 2770 ± 390 g CH4 hr-1,呈倾斜分布,平均排放率为 710 ± 100 g CH4 hr-1。得克萨斯州的石油生产记录不完整:一些油井有采样当年的石油生产数据,但许多油井几年或几十年都没有生产数据,尽管我们在现场时这些油井还在积极抽油。与当地居民的访谈表明,县天然气加工厂的关闭以及随后集输管道的损毁可能是导致生产地点排放气体以及 CH4 和 H2S 的原因。这一点值得进一步研究,因为该地区的边际油井是 H2S 的主要来源,对附近生活和工作的人们的健康造成危害。
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引用次数: 0
How pollinator dependence may mediate farmer adoption of pollinator supporting practices and perceptions: a case study from western France 授粉者的依赖性如何影响农民采用授粉者支持措施和观念:法国西部的一项案例研究
IF 2.9 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad75ee
Jerome Faure, Lauriane Mouysset, Fabrice Allier, Axel Decourtye and Sabrina Gaba
There is limited knowledge on why farmers adopt pollinator-supporting practices, which is crucial to stimulate their adoption. The dependence of farmers on pollination may influence their perception of pollinators and their willingness to adopt these practices. We addressed why farmers adopt pollinator-supporting practices using a 2011 survey conducted within a cereal plain in western France, where farmers were moderately dependent on pollination for crops like oilseed rape and sunflower. We assessed the factors influencing the adoption of practices to promote pollination, including pollination dependence. We found no effect for pollination dependence. Conversely, we found that farm size, pesticide use, advisory services and the perception of costs decreased the willingness to adopt, while older farmers were more incline to adopt. We also evaluated perceptions related to pollinators: more than 85% of farmers considered bees important for crop production and recognized pesticides as a major cause of decline. We found no effect of pollination dependence on farmers’ perceptions. Compared to similar studies over the past decade, we found similarities, particularly regarding pollinator-related perceptions. Finally, we compared the willingness to adopt in 2011 with the actual adoption in 2024, showing that there has been little change. This raises questions on the pathways to promote the adoption of pollinator-supporting practices to ensure for the future of pollinator conservation.
对于农民为何采用支持授粉者的做法,我们的了解还很有限,而这对于激励农民采用这些做法至关重要。农民对授粉的依赖可能会影响他们对授粉者的看法以及采用这些措施的意愿。我们利用 2011 年在法国西部谷物平原进行的一项调查,探讨了农民采用支持授粉者措施的原因。我们评估了影响采用促进授粉措施的因素,包括授粉依赖性。我们发现,对授粉依赖性没有影响。相反,我们发现农场规模、杀虫剂使用、咨询服务和成本感知会降低采用意愿,而年龄较大的农民更倾向于采用。我们还评估了对授粉者的看法:85% 以上的农民认为蜜蜂对作物生产很重要,并认为农药是导致蜜蜂减少的主要原因。我们发现,授粉依赖性对农民的看法没有影响。与过去十年的类似研究相比,我们发现了相似之处,尤其是在与授粉相关的认知方面。最后,我们将 2011 年的采用意愿与 2024 年的实际采用意愿进行了比较,结果显示两者变化不大。这就提出了一些问题,即如何促进采用支持授粉者的做法,以确保未来的授粉者保护工作。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Research Communications
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