Ages, petrogenesis and metallogenesis implications of the Miocene adakite-like igneous rocks in the Beimulang porphyry Cu Deposit, southern Tibet

Understanding the petrogenesis of Miocene adakite-like igneous rocks is crucial for unraveling the formation processes of post-collision porphyry copper deposits within the Gangdese orogenic belt. This study focuses on the mineralogical, geochronological, and geochemical characteristics of the Beimulang Miocene adakite-like igneous rock series, with particular emphasis on two types of diorite porphyry (DP1 and DP2), to constrain their petrogenesis. Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the monzogranite (MG), monzogranite porphyry (MGP), DP1, DP2 and granite porphyry (GP) were emplaced at 14.8 ± 0.1 Ma, 14.6 ± 0.1 Ma, 14.6 ± 0.1 Ma, 13.2 ± 0.1 Ma and 12.5 ± 0.1 Ma, respectively. The major element compositions of the Beimulang Miocene intrusions exhibit a differentiation trend. The Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the MG, MGP, and DP1 align with the mixing line between the juvenile lower crust and the potassic lamprophyres. Conversely, the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of DP2 and GP fall precisely on the Sr-Nd mixing line between DP1 and the ultrapotassic lamprophyres. Considering the reverse zoning of plagioclase in the DP1 and presence of high-Mg phlogopite in the DP2, we suggest that the Miocene magmatic series at Beimulang likely derived from the mixing of partial melts of Gangdese juvenile lower crust and mantle-derived potassic-ultrapotassic magmas. The increase in Th/Yb ratios from DP1, MG, MGP to DP2 and GP suggests that the mantle metasomatism material may have evolved from slab-derived fluids to melts derived from Indian crustal sediments. The magmatic water content and oxidation calculated from zircon trace elements, are nearly identical among the ore-causative MG and MGP, and the barren GP. However, the decrease in V/Sc ratios from the MG and MGP to GP indicates that magnetite-driven magma sulfide saturation leads to the depletion of chalcophile elements, significantly reducing the Cu mineralization potential of the GP. We suggest that the higher degree of magmatic evolution leads to the barren nature of Beimulang granite porphyry.