Amplified precipitation extremes since 21st century in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, China

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration(BTH) has successively witnessed the extraordinary precipitation extremes (PEs) with huge economic losses and death-toll in the recent decade. To timely and comprehensively understand the PEs in the urban agglomeration, we investigate the characteristic and mechanism of PEs variation based on six extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) including maximum daily precipitation(Rx1day), maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation(Rx5day), total precipitation with daily precipitation more than the 95th percentile (R95P), average daily precipitation on wet days (SDII), heavy precipitation days(R25) and very heavy precipitation days(R50). Our results suggest that the PEs of summertime over the BTH has significantly amplified since 21st century. During 2001–2023, the Rx1day, Rx5day, R95p, SDII, R25 and R50 significantly increased at a rate of 13.5 mm/10a, 26.3 mm/10a, 49.4 mm/10a, 2.2 mm/10a, 0.78d/10a and 0.46d/10a, respectively. The average contribution of urbanization to the increased EPIs is estimated by 21 %. The strengthened East Asian Summer Monsoon, intensified and northward extended West Pacific Subtropical High may increase occurrence and severity of PEs in the era of rapid global warming. Three case studies of PEs in 2012, 2016 and 2023 verify our finding. We hope this study can help policy makers to shape strategies to mitigate or reduce societal impact of PEs under global warming crisis and rapid urbanization.