{"title":"确定用于土壤侵蚀调查的 Kamphorst 降雨模拟器的特性","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132025","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the results of the characterization of Kamphorst’s rainfall simulator obtained by laboratory experiments carried out at the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences of the University of Palermo, are presented. At first, the rainfall uniformity distribution was positively verified considering several pressure heads (ranging from 1.9 cm to 11.9 cm) and water temperatures (from 24 °C to 27 °C), achieving a uniformity coefficient ranging from 96 to 99 %. Then, using a single nozzle, the simulator has been characterized in terms of kinetic power and momentum by applying both a photographic and a weighing technique. In particular, terminal drop velocity was measured by the displacement of a single raindrop measured between two consecutive frames, while the mean mass of single drops was evaluated by weighing a fixed number of drops. The analysis of the experimental data highlighted that the rainfall intensity, which increases with water temperature and pressure head, is the variable affecting the measurement of the single raindrop mass. Measurements also showed that an increase in rainfall intensity determines a decrease in the mean mass of the raindrops and an increase in the number of raindrops that fall in the unit time and area. This circumstance allowed to justify the increasing trend of the rainfall kinetic power and momentum with rainfall intensity. The measurements allowed to develop empirical relationships relating kinetic power and momentum with the simulated rainfall intensity and falling height of the raindrops. Finally, a theoretical expression suggested in the literature for estimating simulated rainfall intensity was positively tested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169424014215/pdfft?md5=7a25209efd45bd753029d275f887e0c9&pid=1-s2.0-S0022169424014215-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Characterizing the Kamphorst rainfall simulator for soil erosion investigations\",\"authors\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132025\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>In this paper, the results of the characterization of Kamphorst’s rainfall simulator obtained by laboratory experiments carried out at the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences of the University of Palermo, are presented. At first, the rainfall uniformity distribution was positively verified considering several pressure heads (ranging from 1.9 cm to 11.9 cm) and water temperatures (from 24 °C to 27 °C), achieving a uniformity coefficient ranging from 96 to 99 %. Then, using a single nozzle, the simulator has been characterized in terms of kinetic power and momentum by applying both a photographic and a weighing technique. In particular, terminal drop velocity was measured by the displacement of a single raindrop measured between two consecutive frames, while the mean mass of single drops was evaluated by weighing a fixed number of drops. The analysis of the experimental data highlighted that the rainfall intensity, which increases with water temperature and pressure head, is the variable affecting the measurement of the single raindrop mass. Measurements also showed that an increase in rainfall intensity determines a decrease in the mean mass of the raindrops and an increase in the number of raindrops that fall in the unit time and area. This circumstance allowed to justify the increasing trend of the rainfall kinetic power and momentum with rainfall intensity. The measurements allowed to develop empirical relationships relating kinetic power and momentum with the simulated rainfall intensity and falling height of the raindrops. Finally, a theoretical expression suggested in the literature for estimating simulated rainfall intensity was positively tested.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":362,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Hydrology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-16\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169424014215/pdfft?md5=7a25209efd45bd753029d275f887e0c9&pid=1-s2.0-S0022169424014215-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Hydrology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169424014215\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, CIVIL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Hydrology","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169424014215","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, CIVIL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Characterizing the Kamphorst rainfall simulator for soil erosion investigations
In this paper, the results of the characterization of Kamphorst’s rainfall simulator obtained by laboratory experiments carried out at the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences of the University of Palermo, are presented. At first, the rainfall uniformity distribution was positively verified considering several pressure heads (ranging from 1.9 cm to 11.9 cm) and water temperatures (from 24 °C to 27 °C), achieving a uniformity coefficient ranging from 96 to 99 %. Then, using a single nozzle, the simulator has been characterized in terms of kinetic power and momentum by applying both a photographic and a weighing technique. In particular, terminal drop velocity was measured by the displacement of a single raindrop measured between two consecutive frames, while the mean mass of single drops was evaluated by weighing a fixed number of drops. The analysis of the experimental data highlighted that the rainfall intensity, which increases with water temperature and pressure head, is the variable affecting the measurement of the single raindrop mass. Measurements also showed that an increase in rainfall intensity determines a decrease in the mean mass of the raindrops and an increase in the number of raindrops that fall in the unit time and area. This circumstance allowed to justify the increasing trend of the rainfall kinetic power and momentum with rainfall intensity. The measurements allowed to develop empirical relationships relating kinetic power and momentum with the simulated rainfall intensity and falling height of the raindrops. Finally, a theoretical expression suggested in the literature for estimating simulated rainfall intensity was positively tested.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Hydrology publishes original research papers and comprehensive reviews in all the subfields of the hydrological sciences including water based management and policy issues that impact on economics and society. These comprise, but are not limited to the physical, chemical, biogeochemical, stochastic and systems aspects of surface and groundwater hydrology, hydrometeorology and hydrogeology. Relevant topics incorporating the insights and methodologies of disciplines such as climatology, water resource systems, hydraulics, agrohydrology, geomorphology, soil science, instrumentation and remote sensing, civil and environmental engineering are included. Social science perspectives on hydrological problems such as resource and ecological economics, environmental sociology, psychology and behavioural science, management and policy analysis are also invited. Multi-and interdisciplinary analyses of hydrological problems are within scope. The science published in the Journal of Hydrology is relevant to catchment scales rather than exclusively to a local scale or site.