Kristina R. Nermo , Kjersti S. Bakken , Jan L. Lyche , Anuschka Polder , Aina Jansen , Siri Kaldenbach , Gabrielle Haddad-Weiser , Tor A. Strand , Merete Å. Eggesbø
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In this study, we explored the temporal trends of POPs concentrations in breast milk sampled between 2002 and 2021 by comparing the concentration across the mother's year of birth.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Two Norwegian cohorts of lactating women were utilized (the HUMIS study and the “Iodine in Early Life”-Study). Concentrations of 15 different POPs, including PCBs, OCPs, and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) were measured in 513 breast milk samples that had been collected over two decades in a subset of first-time mothers.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Time trend analysis indicated a steady decrease in concentration levels when adjusted for maternal age. The largest reduction was observed in β-HCH, age-adjusted (−17.1%, 95% CI -18.7, −15.4), followed by ∑<sub>6</sub>BDE (−9.1%, 95% CI -10.5, −7.7), ∑<sub>6</sub>PCBs (−7.1%, 95% CI -7.7, −6.5), and ∑<sub>2</sub>DDTs (−7.0%, 95% CI -8.0, −6.0). In contrast, an increasing trend was noted in the median concentrations of β-HCH, ∑<sub>2</sub>DDTs, and ∑<sub>6</sub>BDE in the mothers born in 1990–1994 to 1995–2002.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our study demonstrates a decline of most POPs in breast milk, likely attributed to international regulatory efforts like the Stockholm Convention. Notably, an increase in the 95th percentile concentrations of β-HCH, ∑<sub>2</sub>DDTs, and ∑<sub>6</sub>BDEs was noted in mothers born in 1990–1994 compared to those born in 1995–2002 suggests demographic shifts that may influence exposure levels. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
引言 持久性有机污染物(POPs)是一种稳定的化合物,其特点是不易降解。从 20 世纪 60-70 年代开始,有机氯农药(OCPs),如滴滴涕和多氯联苯(PCBs)引起了人们对健康和环境影响的关注。因此,美国和欧洲(包括挪威)于 1980 年开始禁用持久性有机污染物,2004 年《斯德哥尔摩公约》在全球范围内也开始禁用持久性有机污染物。哺乳期婴儿接触持久性有机污染物的问题一直是人们关注的焦点,这促使人们对母乳中是否含有这些物质进行了广泛的研究。在这项研究中,我们通过比较不同母亲出生年份母乳中的持久性有机污染物浓度,探讨了 2002 年至 2021 年母乳采样中持久性有机污染物浓度的时间趋势。结果时间趋势分析表明,在对母亲年龄进行调整后,母乳中 15 种不同的持久性有机污染物(包括多氯联苯、有机氯农药和溴化二苯醚)的浓度水平稳步下降。经年龄调整后,β-HCH 的降幅最大(-17.1%,95% CI -18.7,-15.4),其次是∑6BDE(-9.1%,95% CI -10.5,-7.7)、∑6PCBs(-7.1%,95% CI -7.7,-6.5)和∑2DDTs(-7.0%,95% CI -8.0,-6.0)。与此相反,在 1990-1994 年至 1995-2002 年出生的母亲中,β-HCH、∑2DDTs 和 ∑6BDE 的中位浓度呈上升趋势。值得注意的是,1990-1994 年出生的母亲与 1995-2002 年出生的母亲相比,β-HCH、∑2DDTs 和 ∑6BDEs 的第 95 百分位数浓度有所增加,这表明人口结构的变化可能会影响暴露水平。需要进一步开展研究,探索和了解∑6BDEs 中位浓度上升的根本原因。
Trend analyses of persistent organic pollutants in human milk from first-time mothers in Norway between 2002 and 2021
Introduction
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stable compounds characterized by their resistance to degradation. From the 1960–70's organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) raised concerns regarding health and environmental impacts. This has led to the banning of POPs in the USA and Europe including Norway in 1980 and worldwide under the 2004 Stockholm Convention. The exposure of nursing infants to POPs has been a significant focus, prompting extensive research into the presence of these substances in human breast milk. In this study, we explored the temporal trends of POPs concentrations in breast milk sampled between 2002 and 2021 by comparing the concentration across the mother's year of birth.
Method
Two Norwegian cohorts of lactating women were utilized (the HUMIS study and the “Iodine in Early Life”-Study). Concentrations of 15 different POPs, including PCBs, OCPs, and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) were measured in 513 breast milk samples that had been collected over two decades in a subset of first-time mothers.
Results
Time trend analysis indicated a steady decrease in concentration levels when adjusted for maternal age. The largest reduction was observed in β-HCH, age-adjusted (−17.1%, 95% CI -18.7, −15.4), followed by ∑6BDE (−9.1%, 95% CI -10.5, −7.7), ∑6PCBs (−7.1%, 95% CI -7.7, −6.5), and ∑2DDTs (−7.0%, 95% CI -8.0, −6.0). In contrast, an increasing trend was noted in the median concentrations of β-HCH, ∑2DDTs, and ∑6BDE in the mothers born in 1990–1994 to 1995–2002.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrates a decline of most POPs in breast milk, likely attributed to international regulatory efforts like the Stockholm Convention. Notably, an increase in the 95th percentile concentrations of β-HCH, ∑2DDTs, and ∑6BDEs was noted in mothers born in 1990–1994 compared to those born in 1995–2002 suggests demographic shifts that may influence exposure levels. Further research is needed to explore and understand the underlying factors for the rise in median concentrations of ∑6BDEs.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.