Current status of research on hydrogen generation, storage and transportation technologies: A state-of-the-art review towards sustainable energy

Rising worldwide energy demand and the threat of fossil fuel depletion are driving a move toward renewable energy. Research encourages the use of clean and sustainable energy sources. This review focuses on bio-hydrogen generation, nanomaterials, and future developments. Power-to-hydrogen coupled with hydrogen-to-power (P2H-H2P) systems have come a long way recently. The focus is on technology, modeling, problems, cost-effectiveness, and sector linkage for sustainability and carbon neutrality. This research focuses on the generation of hydrogen from metal trash such as scrap aluminum, magnesium, and zinc. The comparative analysis, purification approaches, and constraints are reviewed, revealing possible uses and future opportunities. In this comprehensive analysis, microalgae, particularly for hydrogen generation, provide sustainable options for carbon-neutral biofuel production, efficiency, and other problems. This review examines traditional hydrogen-generating approaches such as steam methane reforming (a coal-based biomass gasification method) and water electrolysis. This field focuses on emerging technologies such as photocatalytic water splitting, solid-state oxide electrolysis cells, hydrogen production, and chemical-based cycling. Advanced differentiation techniques are also discussed. This study continues by discussing difficulties and opportunities, with a focus on material enduring rigidity, the effectiveness of costs, expansion, and incorporation into massive amounts of hydrogen-manufacturing facilities, all of which are subjects for further research. In addition, this review discusses emerging trends and potential breakthroughs that will shape the future of hydrogen generation.