Lithium-ion battery energy storage technology has emerged as the primary technological route for the development of new energy storage systems. However, frequent fire incidents in lithium-ion energy storage stations pose significant safety hazards. To analyze the patterns of gas generation of Lithium-ion batteries packs fire in an energy-storage cabin and to investigate the suppression effects of fine water mist fire extinguishing systems on this gas generation, the FDS software is used to model fires involving lithium battery cells and packs at a 1:1 scale in this study. The gas generation patterns under different water mist spraying parameters during the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries in an energy-storage cabin is investigated. The results indicated that as thermal runaway intensified and the fire spread, the production rates of CO and H₂ gradually increased, ultimately reaching gas fractions of 3.7 % and a concentration of 23 ppm, respectively. The suppression efficacy on gas generation is positively correlated with the spray flow rate, spray cone angle, and nozzle flow rate of the fine water mist, while it is negatively correlated with the droplet size of the mist. Additionally, the fine water mist system exhibits a significant suppression effect on gas generation. The research findings offer theoretical insights into the use of fine water mist fire extinguishing systems for controlling the generation of fire-induced gases and provide theoretical support for the safe design of energy storage stations.
{"title":"Influence of fine water mist on gas generation of lithium-ion batteries packs fire in an energy-storage cabin","authors":"Zhen Lou, Junqi Huang, Guangchao Sun, Hengjie Qin, Huaitao Song, Zhuang Zhang, Haowei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.019","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion battery energy storage technology has emerged as the primary technological route for the development of new energy storage systems. However, frequent fire incidents in lithium-ion energy storage stations pose significant safety hazards. To analyze the patterns of gas generation of Lithium-ion batteries packs fire in an energy-storage cabin and to investigate the suppression effects of fine water mist fire extinguishing systems on this gas generation, the FDS software is used to model fires involving lithium battery cells and packs at a 1:1 scale in this study. The gas generation patterns under different water mist spraying parameters during the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries in an energy-storage cabin is investigated. The results indicated that as thermal runaway intensified and the fire spread, the production rates of CO and H₂ gradually increased, ultimately reaching gas fractions of 3.7 % and a concentration of 23 ppm, respectively. The suppression efficacy on gas generation is positively correlated with the spray flow rate, spray cone angle, and nozzle flow rate of the fine water mist, while it is negatively correlated with the droplet size of the mist. Additionally, the fine water mist system exhibits a significant suppression effect on gas generation. The research findings offer theoretical insights into the use of fine water mist fire extinguishing systems for controlling the generation of fire-induced gases and provide theoretical support for the safe design of energy storage stations.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.016
Wen Nie, Zhaoheng Xu, Ruoxi Li, Qiu Bao, Wenjin Niu, Qifan Tian, Xiaohan Zhang, Chenfeng Shi, Ke Tong, Zhihui Zhang
The coal mining process is plagued with problems such as low dust removal efficiency and blind selection of dust reduction means due to the lack of microscopic molecular modelling of coal dust. Taking coal samples from the Zhaozhuang Coal Mine in Henan Province, China as an example, a series of chemical analyses were performed to determine the types and amounts of constituent structure in coal dust molecules. The molecular formula of coal dust was be C181H142N2O21, from which planar and three-dimensional macromolecular structural models. To find the most suitable surfactants for the model, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate (MES), and coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide (CDEA) were selected, and the effects on their wettability were analyzed with simulations and experiments. The adsorption state of water molecules in the different water-surfactant-coal ternary systems was simulated and analyzed in terms of the radial distribution function and the mean square displacement. It was found that the value of radial distribution function of SDBS system was 5.19, and the diffusion coefficient was 0.66 Å2/ps, which were the highest for the different systems. The experimental results showed that the surface tension of a 0.36wt% SDBS solution was 27.130 mN/m, and the contact angle was 25.2°, both of which were the lowest for the different surfactant solutions and had the best wetting effect. The coal dust model construction combined with the analysis method of surfactant selection provides a new method for coal dust directed dust removal.
{"title":"Construction of high-precision macromolecular model of Zhaozhuang anthracite based on microscopic level and optimization of surfactant applicability: efficient control of coal dust","authors":"Wen Nie, Zhaoheng Xu, Ruoxi Li, Qiu Bao, Wenjin Niu, Qifan Tian, Xiaohan Zhang, Chenfeng Shi, Ke Tong, Zhihui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.016","url":null,"abstract":"The coal mining process is plagued with problems such as low dust removal efficiency and blind selection of dust reduction means due to the lack of microscopic molecular modelling of coal dust. Taking coal samples from the Zhaozhuang Coal Mine in Henan Province, China as an example, a series of chemical analyses were performed to determine the types and amounts of constituent structure in coal dust molecules. The molecular formula of coal dust was be C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">181</ce:inf>H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">142</ce:inf>N<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">21</ce:inf>, from which planar and three-dimensional macromolecular structural models. To find the most suitable surfactants for the model, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate (MES), and coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide (CDEA) were selected, and the effects on their wettability were analyzed with simulations and experiments. The adsorption state of water molecules in the different water-surfactant-coal ternary systems was simulated and analyzed in terms of the radial distribution function and the mean square displacement. It was found that the value of radial distribution function of SDBS system was 5.19, and the diffusion coefficient was 0.66 Å<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>/ps, which were the highest for the different systems. The experimental results showed that the surface tension of a 0.36<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>wt% SDBS solution was 27.130 mN/m, and the contact angle was 25.2°, both of which were the lowest for the different surfactant solutions and had the best wetting effect. The coal dust model construction combined with the analysis method of surfactant selection provides a new method for coal dust directed dust removal.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.009
Xin-xiao Lu, Jin-xiang Xiao, Jia-wei Miao, Zi-yao Chen, Shuo Wang
To elucidate the mining dust release rule at the synchronous sequence of hydraulic support advancing and top coal caving, a full-size mining face is constructed based on the discrete element model (DEM). Research results indicate that the caved coals integrate the original chaotic flow pattern into a cluster downstream high velocity field in the goaf. The goaf particles driven by the high velocity field mix with roof particles. The dust pollution length displays an increase trend and accumulates in the goaf, top beam and roof. The high concentration dust tends to accumulate at an upper location and the pollution area proportion increases from 0.03 % to 22.70 % with height for concentration exceeding 200 mg/m3. The dust pollution area at the stand breathing zone surges in the advancing event, while the dust outbreak persists for the longer duration and larger scale downwind. In the crouch operation, the mean dust concentration peaks at eight positions ranging from 16.875 m to 41.375 m in the X direction with the maximum of 116.57 mg/m3. The identification of the dust release path and pollution scope delineation contributes to the precise mining dust prevention at the top coal continuous caving coupling the dynamic hydraulic support advancing.
{"title":"Study on the mining dust release behavior under the top coal continuous caving coupling the dynamic hydraulic support advancing","authors":"Xin-xiao Lu, Jin-xiang Xiao, Jia-wei Miao, Zi-yao Chen, Shuo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"To elucidate the mining dust release rule at the synchronous sequence of hydraulic support advancing and top coal caving, a full-size mining face is constructed based on the discrete element model (DEM). Research results indicate that the caved coals integrate the original chaotic flow pattern into a cluster downstream high velocity field in the goaf. The goaf particles driven by the high velocity field mix with roof particles. The dust pollution length displays an increase trend and accumulates in the goaf, top beam and roof. The high concentration dust tends to accumulate at an upper location and the pollution area proportion increases from 0.03 % to 22.70 % with height for concentration exceeding 200 mg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup>. The dust pollution area at the stand breathing zone surges in the advancing event, while the dust outbreak persists for the longer duration and larger scale downwind. In the crouch operation, the mean dust concentration peaks at eight positions ranging from 16.875 m to 41.375 m in the X direction with the maximum of 116.57 mg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup>. The identification of the dust release path and pollution scope delineation contributes to the precise mining dust prevention at the top coal continuous caving coupling the dynamic hydraulic support advancing.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiesel produced from catalyzed transesterification of palm oil with methanol using NaOH-treated carbonaceous catalysts was studied and reported. Particularly, effect of the carbonaceous support, i.e. activated carbon (AC) and pyrolytic char of end-of-life used tire (TPC), on the yield of biodiesel was investigated. The resultant yield of biodiesel near 98.5 % could be attained from transesterification reactions conducted with a catalyst loading at 5 wt% of palm oil initially used, under a molar ratio of methanol/oil at 21/1, at 65°C and 180 min for reaction temperature and time. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction could be fitted satisfactorily with the pseudo first-order model. The Arrhenius behavior was observed from the temperature-dependent rate constants, leading to an activation energy at 111.2 kJ/mol if AC-supporting catalyst was used. Both AC and TPC-supporting catalysts could produce biodiesel with a yield greater than 90 % even after the fourth cycles of catalyzed transesterification reactions. Notably, the feasibility in the upcycling of TPC as catalyst support was demonstrated in this work.
{"title":"Biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil using NaOH-treated activated carbon and pyrolytic char of used tires as catalysts","authors":"Khulanuttha Chana, Bing-Hung Chen, Duangkamol Na-Ranong","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel produced from catalyzed transesterification of palm oil with methanol using NaOH-treated carbonaceous catalysts was studied and reported. Particularly, effect of the carbonaceous support, <ce:italic>i.e.</ce:italic> activated carbon (AC) and pyrolytic char of end-of-life used tire (TPC), on the yield of biodiesel was investigated. The resultant yield of biodiesel near 98.5 % could be attained from transesterification reactions conducted with a catalyst loading at 5 wt% of palm oil initially used, under a molar ratio of methanol/oil at 21/1, at 65°C and 180 min for reaction temperature and time. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction could be fitted satisfactorily with the pseudo first-order model. The Arrhenius behavior was observed from the temperature-dependent rate constants, leading to an activation energy at 111.2 kJ/mol if AC-supporting catalyst was used. Both AC and TPC-supporting catalysts could produce biodiesel with a yield greater than 90 % even after the fourth cycles of catalyzed transesterification reactions. Notably, the feasibility in the upcycling of TPC as catalyst support was demonstrated in this work.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-04DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.121
Zheng Wang, Jinjiang Wang, Pengting Guan, Weihang Song
The Safety Instrumentation System (SIS) is a crucial safety device widely used in process industries. Its safety performance is measured by Safety Integrity Levels (SIL). However, for in-service SISs, traditional SIL methods face limitations in dynamic analysis and grading due to hardware degradation from prolonged operation. Therefore, this paper presents a Fuzzy Bayesian Network & Layers of Protection Analysis (FBN-LOPA) model to consider the operation of in-service equipment and realize the dynamic update failure probability to achieve dynamic SIL grading. The Bow-tie (BT) model is utilized to construct accident and fault trees, enabling a comprehensive analysis of failure modes in in-service SIS. Subsequently, the BT is mapped to a Bayesian Network (BN), allowing for dynamic analysis of accident scenarios through risk probability updates. To address the issue of incomplete and uncertain data in in-service SIS, the FBN approach integrates fuzzy logic with Bayesian inference, converting linguistic variables into probabilistic values. Finally, a SIL grading and verification of the in-service SIS was calculated with LOPA. Taking the Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) as an example, the proposed method reduces error by 14.6 % compared to the traditional HAZOP-LOPA method and dynamically updates the SIS failure probability, enabling more accurate and reliable SIL determination.
{"title":"SIL assessment of in-service safety instrumented systems in the chemical industry based on FBN-LOPA","authors":"Zheng Wang, Jinjiang Wang, Pengting Guan, Weihang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.121","url":null,"abstract":"The Safety Instrumentation System (SIS) is a crucial safety device widely used in process industries. Its safety performance is measured by Safety Integrity Levels (SIL). However, for in-service SISs, traditional SIL methods face limitations in dynamic analysis and grading due to hardware degradation from prolonged operation. Therefore, this paper presents a Fuzzy Bayesian Network & Layers of Protection Analysis (FBN-LOPA) model to consider the operation of in-service equipment and realize the dynamic update failure probability to achieve dynamic SIL grading. The Bow-tie (BT) model is utilized to construct accident and fault trees, enabling a comprehensive analysis of failure modes in in-service SIS. Subsequently, the BT is mapped to a Bayesian Network (BN), allowing for dynamic analysis of accident scenarios through risk probability updates. To address the issue of incomplete and uncertain data in in-service SIS, the FBN approach integrates fuzzy logic with Bayesian inference, converting linguistic variables into probabilistic values. Finally, a SIL grading and verification of the in-service SIS was calculated with LOPA. Taking the Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) as an example, the proposed method reduces error by 14.6 % compared to the traditional HAZOP-LOPA method and dynamically updates the SIS failure probability, enabling more accurate and reliable SIL determination.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research focused on evaluating the effects on energy consumption, economic aspects, and environmental consequences associated with the utilization of low-grade waste heat recovery (WHR) within a small-scale food drying apparatus known as a laboratory-scale food dryer (LSFD). A regenerative heat exchanger comprising a porous <mml:math altimg="si0130.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> core resistant to corrosion and rust is used for WHR. The operation duration of the LSFD was considered 10 <mml:math altimg="si0131.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">hour</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">day</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and 365 <mml:math altimg="si0132.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">day</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>. The emission intensity value of 506 <mml:math altimg="si0133.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">gCO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">kWh</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> was taken into account for fossil-fuel-based power generation. Investigations were conducted via the Taguchi optimization method in conjunction with cost-benefit analysis. Results indicated that WHR within LSFD can achieve energy savings ranging from 5.148 to 12.966 <mml:math altimg="si0134.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">MWh</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> with a saving efficiency of 26.32 %, leading to saving 219.54–552.88 <mml:math altimg="si0135.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> with a payback period of 1.06–2.67 years and 848.36–2136.45 <mml:math altimg="si0136.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> with a payback period of 0.27–0.69 years for the average (0.162 <mml:math altimg="si0137.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>) and maximum (0.626 <mml:math altimg="si0138.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>) electricity prices, respectively. This strategy prevents emitting the 2.61–6.56 <mml:math altimg="si0139.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">tCO</mml:mi></mml
{"title":"Energy, economic, and environmental (3E) impacts assessment of low-grade waste heat recovery in a food dryer incorporating an innovative porous [formula omitted] core heat exchanger","authors":"Behnam Ataeiyan, Shahriar Kouravand, Majid Rasouli","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"This research focused on evaluating the effects on energy consumption, economic aspects, and environmental consequences associated with the utilization of low-grade waste heat recovery (WHR) within a small-scale food drying apparatus known as a laboratory-scale food dryer (LSFD). A regenerative heat exchanger comprising a porous <mml:math altimg=\"si0130.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> core resistant to corrosion and rust is used for WHR. The operation duration of the LSFD was considered 10 <mml:math altimg=\"si0131.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">hour</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">day</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and 365 <mml:math altimg=\"si0132.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">day</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>. The emission intensity value of 506 <mml:math altimg=\"si0133.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">gCO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">kWh</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> was taken into account for fossil-fuel-based power generation. Investigations were conducted via the Taguchi optimization method in conjunction with cost-benefit analysis. Results indicated that WHR within LSFD can achieve energy savings ranging from 5.148 to 12.966 <mml:math altimg=\"si0134.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">MWh</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> with a saving efficiency of 26.32 %, leading to saving 219.54–552.88 <mml:math altimg=\"si0135.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> with a payback period of 1.06–2.67 years and 848.36–2136.45 <mml:math altimg=\"si0136.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">year</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> with a payback period of 0.27–0.69 years for the average (0.162 <mml:math altimg=\"si0137.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>) and maximum (0.626 <mml:math altimg=\"si0138.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">USD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2023</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>) electricity prices, respectively. This strategy prevents emitting the 2.61–6.56 <mml:math altimg=\"si0139.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">tCO</mml:mi></mml","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.123
Gabriela Soreanu, Catalin Tanase, Constantin Mardari, Igor Cretescu
Biotechnologies involving microbial and plant - assisted biofiltration are emerging options for solving air pollution issues, especially as they can contribute to the environmental protection in a sustainable manner. The environmental application of plant-microbial based biosystems can be however hampered by some conditions, such as the low diurnal light intensity, which is not usually addressed in the botanical biofiltration studies. Also, there are three-four effective studies comparing the efficiency of microbial and plant-microbial based biosystems in air treatment applications (e.g. unplanted versus planted column biofilters), which could allow advancing and better understanding of their limits in practice. Therefore, the performance of microbial and plant - assisted biofilters treating multiple gaseous pollutants in air under similar operating conditions has been evaluated in this study and key aspects governing the biofiltration process were depicted for each evaluated option. This involved the investigation of the biofilters’ start-up and acclimatization, their removal efficiency, elimination capacity, carbon dioxide evolvement and the operating conditions influence. The provided information could serve as benchmarks for decision making regarding the implementation of sustainable processes for environmental protection.
{"title":"Assessment of air purification biosystems for environmental applications","authors":"Gabriela Soreanu, Catalin Tanase, Constantin Mardari, Igor Cretescu","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.123","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnologies involving microbial and plant - assisted biofiltration are emerging options for solving air pollution issues, especially as they can contribute to the environmental protection in a sustainable manner. The environmental application of plant-microbial based biosystems can be however hampered by some conditions, such as the low diurnal light intensity, which is not usually addressed in the botanical biofiltration studies. Also, there are three-four effective studies comparing the efficiency of microbial and plant-microbial based biosystems in air treatment applications (e.g. unplanted versus planted column biofilters), which could allow advancing and better understanding of their limits in practice. Therefore, the performance of microbial and plant - assisted biofilters treating multiple gaseous pollutants in air under similar operating conditions has been evaluated in this study and key aspects governing the biofiltration process were depicted for each evaluated option. This involved the investigation of the biofilters’ start-up and acclimatization, their removal efficiency, elimination capacity, carbon dioxide evolvement and the operating conditions influence. The provided information could serve as benchmarks for decision making regarding the implementation of sustainable processes for environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.126
Han Jiang, Shucai Zhang, Jingru Liu, Xin Peng, Weimin Zhong
Data-driven methods of nitrogen oxides (NOX) soft-sensing and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) operation for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process have two terms of issues. Firstly, labeled data might be deficient to train a prediction model due to the lack of monitoring devices. Secondly, the operational data can not be directly used to learn a reinforcement learning model. To address these issues, a latent temporal feature adaptation transfer learning and long-short reward deep q-learning network (LTFATL-LSRDQN) is proposed. It transfers the knowledge from another similar FCC process to realize the soft-sensing of NOX. Maximum mean discrepancy loss is introduced to the objective function of autoencoder (AE) to unify the probability distribution of transformed latent features. The operation of the treatment device is abstracted to a Markov decision process. A long- and short-term reward mechanism is introduced to DQN to constrain the selection of action. The effectiveness of LTFATL-LSRDQN is verified with the data from industrial FCC processes. The introduction of domain adaptation successfully aligns the latent features, and achieves higher soft-sensing accuracy than some state-of-the-art methods. Using the results from LTFATL as inputs, LSRDQN accomplishes more enduringly continual operation of SCR device on the premise of the regulations and constrained actions.
{"title":"Model-free adjustment of reducing agent for SCR device under label deficiency: Regulation-oriented stage-wise reward deep Q-learning with transfer-learned state","authors":"Han Jiang, Shucai Zhang, Jingru Liu, Xin Peng, Weimin Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.126","url":null,"abstract":"Data-driven methods of nitrogen oxides (<ce:italic>NO</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>X</ce:italic></ce:inf>) soft-sensing and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) operation for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process have two terms of issues. Firstly, labeled data might be deficient to train a prediction model due to the lack of monitoring devices. Secondly, the operational data can not be directly used to learn a reinforcement learning model. To address these issues, a latent temporal feature adaptation transfer learning and long-short reward deep q-learning network (LTFATL-LSRDQN) is proposed. It transfers the knowledge from another similar FCC process to realize the soft-sensing of <ce:italic>NO</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>X</ce:italic></ce:inf>. Maximum mean discrepancy loss is introduced to the objective function of autoencoder (AE) to unify the probability distribution of transformed latent features. The operation of the treatment device is abstracted to a Markov decision process. A long- and short-term reward mechanism is introduced to DQN to constrain the selection of action. The effectiveness of LTFATL-LSRDQN is verified with the data from industrial FCC processes. The introduction of domain adaptation successfully aligns the latent features, and achieves higher soft-sensing accuracy than some state-of-the-art methods. Using the results from LTFATL as inputs, LSRDQN accomplishes more enduringly continual operation of SCR device on the premise of the regulations and constrained actions.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the persistent contamination of water sources with antibiotics poses a growing environmental challenge, effective strategies for the degradation of such pollutants are urgently needed. Herein, a novel organic-inorganic Z-scheme heterojunction material, reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)@PANI/SnO2, was prepared for the photocatalytic degradation of sulfadiazine (SD). When the PANI/SnO2 with PANI doping amount of 1 % was loaded on 1 % rGO, the catalyst showed the best photocatalytic activity, with a reaction rate constant of 0.184 h−1, which was 32.8 and 7.19 times higher than that of PANI and SnO2, respectively. The improved photocatalytic activity was mainly due to the high electrical conductivity of rGO and the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction between PANI and SnO2, which effectively facilitated the transfer of photogenerated carriers. Quenching experiments showed that ·OH is the main active species. Besides, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations found that the sulfonamide bond and pyrimidine heterocyclic were vulnerable site in the SD. Then, four possible degradation pathways were proposed, primarily involving the breaking of the sulfonamide bond and the ring-opening of the pyrimidine heterocycle. The response surface method (RSM) was used to confirm that the removal of SD was affected by the single factor of initial SD concentration, pH value and catalyst dosage, and the magnitude of the effect of different parameters was in the order of pH > catalyst dosage > SD concentration. It was found that Cl- and SO42- inhibited the photocatalytic process, whereas HCO3- facilitated the process through its ability to produce ·OH by hydrolysis and provide a weakly alkaline environment. This work provides novel ideas for the preparation of organic-inorganic heterojunction photocatalysts and enhances the application of organic materials in the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water.
{"title":"Novel inorganic/organic Z-scheme heterojunction rGO@PANI/SnO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of sulfadiazine","authors":"Yujie Zhang, Zexin Cui, Rongfang Yuan, Huilun Chen, Beihai Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.125","url":null,"abstract":"As the persistent contamination of water sources with antibiotics poses a growing environmental challenge, effective strategies for the degradation of such pollutants are urgently needed. Herein, a novel organic-inorganic Z-scheme heterojunction material, reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)@PANI/SnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, was prepared for the photocatalytic degradation of sulfadiazine (SD). When the PANI/SnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> with PANI doping amount of 1 % was loaded on 1 % rGO, the catalyst showed the best photocatalytic activity, with a reaction rate constant of 0.184 h<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, which was 32.8 and 7.19 times higher than that of PANI and SnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, respectively. The improved photocatalytic activity was mainly due to the high electrical conductivity of rGO and the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction between PANI and SnO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, which effectively facilitated the transfer of photogenerated carriers. Quenching experiments showed that ·OH is the main active species. Besides, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations found that the sulfonamide bond and pyrimidine heterocyclic were vulnerable site in the SD. Then, four possible degradation pathways were proposed, primarily involving the breaking of the sulfonamide bond and the ring-opening of the pyrimidine heterocycle. The response surface method (RSM) was used to confirm that the removal of SD was affected by the single factor of initial SD concentration, pH value and catalyst dosage, and the magnitude of the effect of different parameters was in the order of pH > catalyst dosage > SD concentration. It was found that Cl<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-</ce:sup> and SO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">2-</ce:sup> inhibited the photocatalytic process, whereas HCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">-</ce:sup> facilitated the process through its ability to produce ·OH by hydrolysis and provide a weakly alkaline environment. This work provides novel ideas for the preparation of organic-inorganic heterojunction photocatalysts and enhances the application of organic materials in the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inadvertent release of rare earth elements (REEs), emerging as pollutants in agriculture and industry, has contributed to urban soil contamination. However, the driving factors and primary sources of their accumulation in urban soils remain inadequately understood. This study systematically investigated the concentration and spatial distribution of REEs in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA) soils and identified pollution sources using gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Results revealed there was a significant risk of point-source pollution from REEs in BTHUA soils, primarily located in areas with heavy traffic and industrial clusters. Analysis using the GBDT model indicated that soil REEs enrichment was influenced by factors such as soil characteristics (humidity index, HI; soil total organic carbon, TOC), and industrial and urbanization activities (enterprise density, ED; distance from road, Distance). The PMF model results demonstrated that natural sources (48.04 %) were the main contributors to REEs in BTHUA soils, while industrial and transportation sources (31.87 %) and agricultural sources (20.09 %) may significantly affect the spatial heterogeneity of REEs in urban soils. These findings provide guidance for the risk management of REEs in BTHUA soils.
{"title":"Occurrence, spatial distribution, and sources of rare earth elements in soils of large urban agglomerations in Northern China","authors":"Shun Li, Siyu Wang, Xiaoxiao Han, Zhunan Xiong, Lingqing Wang, Tao Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.122","url":null,"abstract":"The inadvertent release of rare earth elements (REEs), emerging as pollutants in agriculture and industry, has contributed to urban soil contamination. However, the driving factors and primary sources of their accumulation in urban soils remain inadequately understood. This study systematically investigated the concentration and spatial distribution of REEs in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA) soils and identified pollution sources using gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Results revealed there was a significant risk of point-source pollution from REEs in BTHUA soils, primarily located in areas with heavy traffic and industrial clusters. Analysis using the GBDT model indicated that soil REEs enrichment was influenced by factors such as soil characteristics (humidity index, HI; soil total organic carbon, TOC), and industrial and urbanization activities (enterprise density, ED; distance from road, Distance). The PMF model results demonstrated that natural sources (48.04 %) were the main contributors to REEs in BTHUA soils, while industrial and transportation sources (31.87 %) and agricultural sources (20.09 %) may significantly affect the spatial heterogeneity of REEs in urban soils. These findings provide guidance for the risk management of REEs in BTHUA soils.","PeriodicalId":20743,"journal":{"name":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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