Gender bias in surgery: A systematic review of qualitative studies.

Background: In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of gender bias in the field of surgery, a systematic review was conducted to assess relevant perceptions.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and LILACS for qualitative studies on how students, trainees, and surgeons recognize gender aspects concerning surgery. Data was thematically synthesized according to Thomas and Harden's methodology.

Results: Eighteen articles were included, comprising 892 participants, between males and females. Twenty-four codes were generated, and two major themes were identified: gender bias and discrimination, and parenting. Bias were commonly implicit and associated with microaggressions. It involved discouragement, struggles with traditional gender norms, harassment, and lifestyle.

Conclusions: We highlight the complexity of the barriers towards gender equality in surgery, addressing the lack of representativity and the persistence of bias. Understanding the obstacles and finding ways to overcome them can help to change the current situation.