Grigory V Merkin, Albert Girons, Mearge A Okubamichael, Karin Pittman
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Veribarr™ uses design-based stereology for the selection and measurement of cell area (size) (μm<sup>2</sup>), the volumetric density of MCs in the epithelium (MCD, amount of the epithelia occupied by MCs, in %) and the calculated abundance of the MCs (barrier status or defence activity). MC production was mapped across the skin and gill epithelia in 12 species, discovering that gills consistently have two distinct groups of MCs, one on the lamellae where MCs are few and small and one on the filament where MCs are larger and more abundant. MCs were usually much larger in the skin than in the gills, with the latter requiring fewer and smaller cells for adequate respiration. The difference observed between MCs in gill lamella and gill filament is likely a result of functional demands. In addition, our findings also highlight a variation in the mucosal parameters between the species skin, which cannot be explained by the weight differences, and a potential link between MC distribution and species-specific lifestyles in the gill lamella. This diversity necessitates the development of species and tissue site-specific reference intervals for mucosal health evaluation. Mucosal bivariate reference intervals were developed for MC production, including size (trophy) and calculated defence activity (plasia) in the skin and gills of Atlantic salmon, to contrast new measurements against historical data patterns. The application of mucosal reference intervals demonstrates that stress from parasites and treatments can manifest as changes in mucosal architecture, as evidenced by MC hypertrophy and hyperplasia within the gill lamellae. These reference intervals also facilitate comparisons with wild Atlantic salmon, revealing a somewhat higher MC level in farmed salmon gill lamellae. These findings suggest that MC hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the gills are stress/environmental responses in aquaculture. 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Mucosal Mapping technology provides an in-depth examination of the dynamic mucous cells (MCs) in fish mucosal barriers on tangential sections, about 90° from the view of traditional histology. The method was originally developed and standardized in academia prior to the establishment of QuantiDoc AS to apply mucosal mapping, now trademarked as Veribarr™ for the analysis of skin, gills and gastrointestinal tracts. Veribarr™ uses design-based stereology for the selection and measurement of cell area (size) (μm<sup>2</sup>), the volumetric density of MCs in the epithelium (MCD, amount of the epithelia occupied by MCs, in %) and the calculated abundance of the MCs (barrier status or defence activity). MC production was mapped across the skin and gill epithelia in 12 species, discovering that gills consistently have two distinct groups of MCs, one on the lamellae where MCs are few and small and one on the filament where MCs are larger and more abundant. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
粘膜屏障是鱼类健康的守护者,会因栖息地和疾病的不同而发生同态变化。粘膜映射技术可在切线切片上深入检查鱼类粘膜屏障中的动态粘液细胞(MC),与传统组织学的视角约成 90°。在 QuantiDoc AS 成立之前,该方法最初是在学术界开发并标准化的,用于皮肤、鳃和胃肠道分析的粘膜映射技术现已注册为 Veribarr™。Veribarr™ 采用基于设计的立体学方法来选择和测量细胞面积(大小)(μm2)、上皮细胞中 MC 的体积密度(MCD,MC 占上皮细胞的百分比)以及计算出的 MC 丰度(屏障状态或防御活动)。我们对 12 个物种的皮肤和鳃上皮细胞的 MC 产量进行了绘制,发现鳃上始终有两组不同的 MC,一组位于薄片上,MC 数量少且小,另一组位于丝状上,MC 数量多且大。皮肤上的 MC 通常比鳃上的大得多,后者需要更少、更小的细胞来进行充分的呼吸。在鳃片和鳃丝中观察到的 MCs 之间的差异可能是功能需求的结果。此外,我们的研究结果还突显了不同物种皮肤粘膜参数的差异(这不能用体重差异来解释),以及 MC 的分布与鳃盖中物种特有的生活方式之间的潜在联系。这种多样性要求为粘膜健康评估制定特定物种和组织部位的参考区间。为大西洋鲑鱼皮肤和鳃中的 MC 产量(包括体型(trophy)和计算出的防御活动(plasia))制定了粘膜双变量参考区间,以便将新的测量结果与历史数据模式进行对比。粘膜参考区间的应用表明,寄生虫和治疗造成的压力可表现为粘膜结构的变化,鳃层内的MC肥大和增生就是证明。这些参考区间还有助于与野生大西洋鲑进行比较,显示养殖鲑鱼鳃片的 MC 水平略高。这些发现表明,鳃中 MC 的增生和肥大是水产养殖中的应激/环境反应。他们还主张在水产养殖中开发特定的粘膜双变量同态参考区间,以改善所有养殖物种的鱼类健康和福利。
Mucosal epithelial homeostasis: Reference intervals for skin, gill lamellae and filament for Atlantic salmon and other fish species.
Mucosal barriers are gatekeepers of health and exhibit homeostatic variation in relation to habitat and disease. Mucosal Mapping technology provides an in-depth examination of the dynamic mucous cells (MCs) in fish mucosal barriers on tangential sections, about 90° from the view of traditional histology. The method was originally developed and standardized in academia prior to the establishment of QuantiDoc AS to apply mucosal mapping, now trademarked as Veribarr™ for the analysis of skin, gills and gastrointestinal tracts. Veribarr™ uses design-based stereology for the selection and measurement of cell area (size) (μm2), the volumetric density of MCs in the epithelium (MCD, amount of the epithelia occupied by MCs, in %) and the calculated abundance of the MCs (barrier status or defence activity). MC production was mapped across the skin and gill epithelia in 12 species, discovering that gills consistently have two distinct groups of MCs, one on the lamellae where MCs are few and small and one on the filament where MCs are larger and more abundant. MCs were usually much larger in the skin than in the gills, with the latter requiring fewer and smaller cells for adequate respiration. The difference observed between MCs in gill lamella and gill filament is likely a result of functional demands. In addition, our findings also highlight a variation in the mucosal parameters between the species skin, which cannot be explained by the weight differences, and a potential link between MC distribution and species-specific lifestyles in the gill lamella. This diversity necessitates the development of species and tissue site-specific reference intervals for mucosal health evaluation. Mucosal bivariate reference intervals were developed for MC production, including size (trophy) and calculated defence activity (plasia) in the skin and gills of Atlantic salmon, to contrast new measurements against historical data patterns. The application of mucosal reference intervals demonstrates that stress from parasites and treatments can manifest as changes in mucosal architecture, as evidenced by MC hypertrophy and hyperplasia within the gill lamellae. These reference intervals also facilitate comparisons with wild Atlantic salmon, revealing a somewhat higher MC level in farmed salmon gill lamellae. These findings suggest that MC hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the gills are stress/environmental responses in aquaculture. They also advocate for developing specific mucosal bivariate homeostatic reference intervals in aquaculture to improve fish health and welfare across all farmed species.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Fish Diseases enjoys an international reputation as the medium for the exchange of information on original research into all aspects of disease in both wild and cultured fish and shellfish. Areas of interest regularly covered by the journal include:
-host-pathogen relationships-
studies of fish pathogens-
pathophysiology-
diagnostic methods-
therapy-
epidemiology-
descriptions of new diseases