Entomopathogenic nematodes in insect pest biocontrol: Diversity and function of excretory/secretory proteins

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate parasitic “biopesticides” that play a vital role in pest management. A thorough understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms is essential for promoting their widespread use in agricultural pest control. The pathogenicity of EPNs arises from two key factors: the pathogenicity of their symbiotic bacteria and the nematodes’ intrinsic pathogenic mechanisms. This review concentrates on the latter, offering an exploration of the excretory/secretory products of EPNs, along with their pathogenic mechanisms and key components. Particular attention is given to specific excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs) identified in various EPN species. The aim is to provide a foundational reference for comprehending the role of these ESPs in pest control. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential of these findings to advance the development of eco-friendly biopesticides, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices.