The synergistic effect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and technology-based inattention on reduction of driving performance

This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and technology-based distraction on driving performance. In this study, using a simulator radio system was considered as a technology-based distraction factor. Driving performance was measured using three parameters: the number of collisions with obstacles, reaction time, and lateral deviation of the car. Participants were divided into case and control groups based on their scores from the Connors Adult ADHD Disorder Questionnaire. They participated in driving experiments under two scenarios: 1) without interacting with the radio system, and 2) while interacting with the radio system. The findings revealed that interacting with the radio system led to a significant increase in the number of collisions, reaction time, and lateral deviation (P-value < 0.05). ADHD, in combination with the distraction factor (working with the radio system) while driving, had a significant impact on increasing the number of collisions and reaction time (P-value < 0.05). However, it did not have a significant effect on the degree of lateral deviation (P-value > 0.05). Engaging in a secondary task (working with the radio system) while driving reduced the driver’s situational awareness and impaired cognitive function, resulting in an increase in the number of collisions, reaction time, and lateral deviation. The distraction factor exacerbated the already poor concentration and attention of individuals with ADHD, further impairing their decision-making and driving reactions. Therefore, ADHD and technology-based distractions had a synergistic effect on driving performance.