Glutamine promotes the proliferation of intestinal stem cells via inhibition of TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator promoter methylation in burned mice

Background Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and facilitating the restoration of intestinal mucosal barrier integrity. Glutamine (Gln) is a crucial energy substrate in the intestine, promoting the proliferation of ISCs and mitigating damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier after burn injury. However, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism by which Gln facilitates the proliferation of ISCs. Methods A mouse burn model was established to investigate the impact of Gln on intestinal function. Subsequently, crypts were isolated, and changes in TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) expression were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The effects of TIGAR on cell proliferation were validated through CCK-8, EdU, and clonogenicity assays. Furthermore, the effect of TIGAR on Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear translocation and ferroptosis was examined by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, dot blot analysis and methylation-specific PCR were performed to evaluate the effect of Gln on TIGAR promoter methylation. Results The mRNA and protein levels of TIGAR decreased after burn injury, and supplementation with Gln increased the expression of TIGAR. TIGAR accelerates the nuclear translocation of YAP, thereby increasing the proliferation of ISCs. Concurrently, TIGAR promotes the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione to suppress ferroptosis in ISCs. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that Gln inhibits TIGAR promoter methylation by increasing the expression of the demethylase ten-eleven translocation. This change increased TIGAR transcription, increased NADPH synthesis, and reduced oxidative stress, thereby facilitating the restoration of intestinal mucosal barrier integrity post-burn injury. Conclusions Our data confirmed the inhibitory effect of Gln on TIGAR promoter methylation, which facilitates YAP translocation into the nucleus and suppresses ferroptosis, ultimately promoting the proliferation of ISCs.