Progress in 3D Display Technologies for Immersive Visual Experiences

The increasing demand for immersive visual experiences has significantly driven the expansion of augmented and virtual reality. The optical technologies that support the three-dimensional displays are pivotal in advancing immersive display systems. This article reviews the fundamental concepts and current progress in the development of various 3D display technologies, with a focus on immersive 3D display systems. We discuss the basic concept of depth perception through monocular and binocular cues in the human visual system. Various stereoscopic display systems that utilise eyewear glasses are introduced. The fundamental operation principles and design rules of multi-view autostereoscopic display systems are investigated, with a highlight on active optical filter technology for converting between 2D and 3D display modes. Additionally, light field display technologies, which offer more natural depth perception, are explored. State-of-the-art technologies, recent research trends, and applications to immersive AR and VR systems across stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, and light field displays are examined. Combinatorial innovations in optical materials, optical device architecture, cost-effective process technologies, and precise system design will accelerate the commercialization of immersive displays including AR and VR applications, offering an excellent user experience and leading the future of the immersive display industry.