Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2026.3655506
Renuka Jindal
{"title":"Editorial: Announcing Prof. Guangtao Zhai as the New Editor-in-Chief","authors":"Renuka Jindal","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3655506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3655506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11391326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2026.3659457
Taoming Liu;Tong Shan;Xiaojun Guo;Gufeng He
Organic photodetectors (OPDs), known for their high sensitivity, tunable spectral response, mechanical flexibility, and compatibility with low-temperature solution processing, have emerged as promising components for integration with immersive display technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR). This review summarizes the key performance metrics and working principles of OPDs with different device architectures, including photoconductive, photomultiplication, photovoltaic, and phototransistor configurations, and discusses recent advances in materials and interface engineering that enhance responsivity, detectivity, and mechanical robustness. Particular emphasis is placed on integrating OPDs with immersive displays for multifunctional health monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. In wearable physiological monitoring, OPDs enable flexible photoplethysmography sensors for heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and blood pressure estimation. In imaging, active-matrix OPD arrays support low-light and near-infrared sensing compatible with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and thin film transistor (TFT) display panels. In optical communication, OPD arrays integrated near the display panel can receive modulated ambient or dedicated light, establishing low-power, directional data links for secure interaction. Despite this progress, challenges remain in achieving fast response, low noise, long-term stability, and reliable large-area integration with OLED and TFT circuits under complex optical and mechanical conditions. Future advancements will rely on coordinated optimization of materials, device architectures, and flexible system design, together with AI-driven signal processing and data fusion. This review outlines current progress, identifies key challenges, and provides perspectives on the convergence of display, sensing, and communication in next-generation immersive electronic systems.
{"title":"Organic Photodetectors and System Integration: Enabling Next-Generation Human-Machine Interfaces for Immersive Display","authors":"Taoming Liu;Tong Shan;Xiaojun Guo;Gufeng He","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3659457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3659457","url":null,"abstract":"Organic photodetectors (OPDs), known for their high sensitivity, tunable spectral response, mechanical flexibility, and compatibility with low-temperature solution processing, have emerged as promising components for integration with immersive display technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR). This review summarizes the key performance metrics and working principles of OPDs with different device architectures, including photoconductive, photomultiplication, photovoltaic, and phototransistor configurations, and discusses recent advances in materials and interface engineering that enhance responsivity, detectivity, and mechanical robustness. Particular emphasis is placed on integrating OPDs with immersive displays for multifunctional health monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. In wearable physiological monitoring, OPDs enable flexible photoplethysmography sensors for heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and blood pressure estimation. In imaging, active-matrix OPD arrays support low-light and near-infrared sensing compatible with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and thin film transistor (TFT) display panels. In optical communication, OPD arrays integrated near the display panel can receive modulated ambient or dedicated light, establishing low-power, directional data links for secure interaction. Despite this progress, challenges remain in achieving fast response, low noise, long-term stability, and reliable large-area integration with OLED and TFT circuits under complex optical and mechanical conditions. Future advancements will rely on coordinated optimization of materials, device architectures, and flexible system design, together with AI-driven signal processing and data fusion. This review outlines current progress, identifies key challenges, and provides perspectives on the convergence of display, sensing, and communication in next-generation immersive electronic systems.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"8-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11368621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3641884
Danyang Chen;Wenchang Zhao;Tianyi Song;Lunlun Huang;Peiming Xu;Danmin Miao;Zhi Liu
To address the accuracy–efficiency trade-off that limits current rPPG methods in dynamic environments, we propose rPPGViT, a multi-scale Vision Transformer designed for real-time and energy-efficient physiological monitoring on AR devices. The model reconstructs precise blood-flow rhythm signals from facial videos while maintaining robustness against illumination variation and motion interference. Furthermore, a lightweight re-parameterized variant, Light-rPPGViT, is developed to achieve low-power, low-latency inference suitable for edge deployment on wearable AR platforms. Experimental results show that rPPGViT achieves MAE of 0.27 BPM and 0.65 BPM on the UBFC and MMPD datasets, respectively, with a correlation coefficient $rho$ of 0.99. Light-rPPGViT attains comparable accuracy while reducing computational cost by more than 65%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying high-accuracy, energy-efficient rPPG models on wearable AR devices, paving the way for next-generation remote healthcare, psychological monitoring, and intelligent human–computer interaction.
{"title":"Lightweight rPPG Framework for Real-Time Physiological Monitoring on AR Devices","authors":"Danyang Chen;Wenchang Zhao;Tianyi Song;Lunlun Huang;Peiming Xu;Danmin Miao;Zhi Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3641884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3641884","url":null,"abstract":"To address the accuracy–efficiency trade-off that limits current rPPG methods in dynamic environments, we propose rPPGViT, a multi-scale Vision Transformer designed for real-time and energy-efficient physiological monitoring on AR devices. The model reconstructs precise blood-flow rhythm signals from facial videos while maintaining robustness against illumination variation and motion interference. Furthermore, a lightweight re-parameterized variant, Light-rPPGViT, is developed to achieve low-power, low-latency inference suitable for edge deployment on wearable AR platforms. Experimental results show that rPPGViT achieves MAE of 0.27 BPM and 0.65 BPM on the UBFC and MMPD datasets, respectively, with a correlation coefficient <inline-formula><tex-math>$rho$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.99. Light-rPPGViT attains comparable accuracy while reducing computational cost by more than 65%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying high-accuracy, energy-efficient rPPG models on wearable AR devices, paving the way for next-generation remote healthcare, psychological monitoring, and intelligent human–computer interaction.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"2-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11288014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye tracking and prediction are fundamental to virtual reality (VR) applications. This paper presents a novel framework for forecasting head and eye movements by combining audio–visual stimuli with historical scanpath data. A channel-temporal attention module is employed to jointly capture cross-channel interactions and temporal dependencies, while a transformer-based encoder–decoder architecture generates multi-step predictions. To address scenarios where saliency information is unavailable, a knowledge distillation framework transfers supervision from a saliency-based teacher to an audio–visual student model, further enhanced by hard example mining to strengthen feature alignment. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving robust and accurate predictions across diverse environments and prediction horizons.
{"title":"Head and Eye Movement Prediction in Omnidirectional Videos via Multimodal Fusion and Knowledge Distillation","authors":"Yucheng Zhu;Yu Wang;Jialiang Chen;Jiaxing Ye;Sijing Wu;Yunhao Li;Wei Sun;Huiyu Duan;Xiongkuo Min;Liang Yuan;Guangtao Zhai","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3640566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3640566","url":null,"abstract":"Eye tracking and prediction are fundamental to virtual reality (VR) applications. This paper presents a novel framework for forecasting head and eye movements by combining audio–visual stimuli with historical scanpath data. A channel-temporal attention module is employed to jointly capture cross-channel interactions and temporal dependencies, while a transformer-based encoder–decoder architecture generates multi-step predictions. To address scenarios where saliency information is unavailable, a knowledge distillation framework transfers supervision from a saliency-based teacher to an audio–visual student model, further enhanced by hard example mining to strengthen feature alignment. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving robust and accurate predictions across diverse environments and prediction horizons.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"222-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3639210
Fikri Abdulhakim Ichsan;Bernd Noche;Frank Lobeck
The Metaverse, as an interconnected virtual environment integrating technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twins, and Blockchain, represents a new frontier in technology and academic research. Supply Chain Management (SCM) also shows growing research development, with an average of around 5,000 publications per year. In modern SCM, increasing complexity and volatility demand advanced digital frameworks to enhance efficiency, visibility, agility, and resilience. However, current studies on Metaverse applications in SCM remain fragmented, lacking a unified conceptual structure for systematic adoption. This research aims to bridge this gap by developing a hierarchical framework for Metaverse integration in SCM using the Data–Information–Knowledge–Wisdom (DIKW) model. A PRISMA-based literature review was conducted across multiple databases, yielding 34 relevant studies for in-depth analysis. Clustering and the DIKW framework were used to organize Metaverse-enabled SCM functions into a layered pyramid structure. The resulting pyramid model categorizes the functional stages of Metaverse into four hierarchical layers: Data Integration, Data Management, Analytics and Simulations, and Decision Support. These layers correspond to increasing levels of cognitive complexity, with Decision Support at the apex. In addition, there is a cross-layer “technology-enabled” element that serves to provide the infrastructure for all layers. This DIKW-based hierarchy offers a roadmap for understanding and implementing Metaverse technologies in SCM. The study contributes theoretical insights and practical guidance, enabling organizations to strategically leverage immersive and intelligent technologies for digital innovation and competitive advantage in the industrial and logistics 5.0 landscape.
{"title":"A DIKW-Based Pyramid Framework for Integrating the Metaverse in Supply Chain Management","authors":"Fikri Abdulhakim Ichsan;Bernd Noche;Frank Lobeck","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3639210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3639210","url":null,"abstract":"The Metaverse, as an interconnected virtual environment integrating technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twins, and Blockchain, represents a new frontier in technology and academic research. Supply Chain Management (SCM) also shows growing research development, with an average of around 5,000 publications per year. In modern SCM, increasing complexity and volatility demand advanced digital frameworks to enhance efficiency, visibility, agility, and resilience. However, current studies on Metaverse applications in SCM remain fragmented, lacking a unified conceptual structure for systematic adoption. This research aims to bridge this gap by developing a hierarchical framework for Metaverse integration in SCM using the Data–Information–Knowledge–Wisdom (DIKW) model. A PRISMA-based literature review was conducted across multiple databases, yielding 34 relevant studies for in-depth analysis. Clustering and the DIKW framework were used to organize Metaverse-enabled SCM functions into a layered pyramid structure. The resulting pyramid model categorizes the functional stages of Metaverse into four hierarchical layers: Data Integration, Data Management, Analytics and Simulations, and Decision Support. These layers correspond to increasing levels of cognitive complexity, with Decision Support at the apex. In addition, there is a cross-layer “technology-enabled” element that serves to provide the infrastructure for all layers. This DIKW-based hierarchy offers a roadmap for understanding and implementing Metaverse technologies in SCM. The study contributes theoretical insights and practical guidance, enabling organizations to strategically leverage immersive and intelligent technologies for digital innovation and competitive advantage in the industrial and logistics 5.0 landscape.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"232-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand for ultrahigh pixels per inch (PPI) displays has surged in emerging augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), extended reality (XR) applications. The critical requirements of low power loss, long-term reliability, large size, cost-effectiveness, and precise brightness control essentially restrict the simplification of pixel circuits for ultrahigh PPI displays. The mass production of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) backplanes is hindered by the small die size and high cost, while the low temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) backplanes are subjected to the severe channel shortening effect. In contrast, featured with low-cost, large-area, and decent electrical performance, oxide semiconductors (OS) offer reasonable room for ultrahigh PPI displays. This work experimentally demonstrated downscaled self-aligned double-gate (SADG) OS TFT through optimizing the gate insulator and passivation layer, and verified their potential in ultrahigh PPI displays. Compared with single-gate (SG) operation mode of the proposed SADG TFT with Al2O3 gate insulator and passivation layer, higher on-current, steeper subthreshold swing (SS) of 64 mV/dec, and smaller threshold voltage (VTH), accompanied by ultralow leakage current around 10-14 A/μm, are achieved under double-gate (DG) mode. Besides, the SADG TFT exhibits linear dynamic VTH modulation and negligible shift of VTH under bias stress, which are respectively beneficial to the flexible current modulation and long-term reliability of pixel circuit for ultrahigh PPI displays. Finally, we proposed a 7T2C pixel circuit for Micro-LED display based on the SADG TFT with 475 nm gate length. The simulation results suggest that the proposed 7T2C pixel circuit exhibits PWM and PAM characteristics, with the pixel density expected to reach 2252 PPI. These attributes make the proposed SADG TFT a promising candidate for the ideal immersive near-eye display with both large panel size and ultrahigh PPI.
在新兴的增强现实（AR）、虚拟现实（VR）、扩展现实（XR）应用中，对超高每英寸像素（PPI）显示器的需求激增。低功耗、长期可靠性、大尺寸、成本效益和精确的亮度控制等关键要求本质上限制了超高PPI显示器像素电路的简化。互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）背板由于模具尺寸小、成本高而阻碍了其量产，而低温多晶硅（LTPS）薄膜晶体管（TFT）背板则受到严重的通道缩短效应的影响。相比之下，氧化物半导体（OS）具有低成本、大面积和良好的电气性能，为超高PPI显示器提供了合理的空间。本工作通过优化栅极绝缘体和钝化层，实验证明了缩小尺寸的自排列双栅（SADG） OS TFT，并验证了其在超高PPI显示器中的潜力。与采用Al2O3栅极绝缘子和钝化层的单门工作模式相比，双栅极（DG）模式下的导通电流更高，亚阈值摆幅（SS）更陡（64 mV/dec），阈值电压（VTH）更小，漏电流约为10-14 A/μm。此外，SADG TFT在偏置应力下表现出线性动态VTH调制和可忽略的VTH移位，这分别有利于超高PPI显示器的柔性电流调制和像素电路的长期可靠性。最后，我们提出了一种基于栅极长度为475 nm的SADG TFT的微型led显示7T2C像素电路。仿真结果表明，所设计的7T2C像素电路具有PWM和PAM特性，像素密度有望达到2252 PPI。这些特性使所提出的SADG TFT成为具有大面板尺寸和超高PPI的理想沉浸式近眼显示器的有希望的候选者。
{"title":"Downscaling of Self-Aligned Double-Gate Oxide Semiconductor TFT for Ultrahigh-PPI Displays","authors":"Mengran Liu;Haohang Zeng;Wenlong Chen;Shengjie Yang;Qianpeng Zhang;Dongxiang Luo;Lei Li;Kuan-Chang Chang;Shengdong Zhang;Congwei Liao;Lei Lu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3637082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3637082","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for ultrahigh pixels per inch (PPI) displays has surged in emerging augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), extended reality (XR) applications. The critical requirements of low power loss, long-term reliability, large size, cost-effectiveness, and precise brightness control essentially restrict the simplification of pixel circuits for ultrahigh PPI displays. The mass production of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) backplanes is hindered by the small die size and high cost, while the low temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) backplanes are subjected to the severe channel shortening effect. In contrast, featured with low-cost, large-area, and decent electrical performance, oxide semiconductors (OS) offer reasonable room for ultrahigh PPI displays. This work experimentally demonstrated downscaled self-aligned double-gate (SADG) OS TFT through optimizing the gate insulator and passivation layer, and verified their potential in ultrahigh PPI displays. Compared with single-gate (SG) operation mode of the proposed SADG TFT with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> gate insulator and passivation layer, higher on-current, steeper subthreshold swing (<italic>SS</i>) of 64 mV/dec, and smaller threshold voltage (<italic>V</i><sub>TH</sub>), accompanied by ultralow leakage current around 10<sup>-14</sup> A/μm, are achieved under double-gate (DG) mode. Besides, the SADG TFT exhibits linear dynamic <italic>V</i><sub>TH</sub> modulation and negligible shift of <italic>V</i><sub>TH</sub> under bias stress, which are respectively beneficial to the flexible current modulation and long-term reliability of pixel circuit for ultrahigh PPI displays. Finally, we proposed a 7T2C pixel circuit for Micro-LED display based on the SADG TFT with 475 nm gate length. The simulation results suggest that the proposed 7T2C pixel circuit exhibits PWM and PAM characteristics, with the pixel density expected to reach 2252 PPI. These attributes make the proposed SADG TFT a promising candidate for the ideal immersive near-eye display with both large panel size and ultrahigh PPI.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456
Fengchen Zhang;Jinlong Gao;Zhaoqiang Liu;Ke Zhang;Zhaojun Liu
Display panels are the primary carriers of visual information and important data sources for downstream processing. Mura, manifested as brightness or color non-uniformity, remains a principal obstacle to image fidelity and manufacturing yield in high-end displays. In this paper, we focus on recent advances across the complete Mura system encompassing detection, quantification, and compensation. For detection, the field has shifted from classical image processing to learning-based paradigms, with lightweight, efficient, and cross-domain-generalizable models emerging as priorities for industrial deployment. For quantification, research is moving from heuristic measures toward perception-aligned metrics and intelligent assessment frameworks, while establishing unified, reproducible, and benchmarkable standards remains a pressing need. For compensation, methods are evolving from pixel-level correction to panel- and system-level co-optimization, with increasing emphasis on joint modeling and closed-loop integration of device characteristics, driving circuits, and optical calibration. Although these methods have significantly improved luminance and chromaticity uniformity, achieving perceptually stable, high-resolution displays remains a substantial challenge. Looking ahead, the tighter integration of artificial intelligence models with weakly supervised learning schemes and standardized datasets is expected to enable joint optimization of Mura detection, quantification, and compensation, thereby further advancing the engineering deployment of high-uniformity display technologies.
{"title":"Toward Intelligent Mura Systems: Unified Detection, Quantification, and Compensation for Advanced Display Technology","authors":"Fengchen Zhang;Jinlong Gao;Zhaoqiang Liu;Ke Zhang;Zhaojun Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456","url":null,"abstract":"Display panels are the primary carriers of visual information and important data sources for downstream processing. Mura, manifested as brightness or color non-uniformity, remains a principal obstacle to image fidelity and manufacturing yield in high-end displays. In this paper, we focus on recent advances across the complete Mura system encompassing detection, quantification, and compensation. For detection, the field has shifted from classical image processing to learning-based paradigms, with lightweight, efficient, and cross-domain-generalizable models emerging as priorities for industrial deployment. For quantification, research is moving from heuristic measures toward perception-aligned metrics and intelligent assessment frameworks, while establishing unified, reproducible, and benchmarkable standards remains a pressing need. For compensation, methods are evolving from pixel-level correction to panel- and system-level co-optimization, with increasing emphasis on joint modeling and closed-loop integration of device characteristics, driving circuits, and optical calibration. Although these methods have significantly improved luminance and chromaticity uniformity, achieving perceptually stable, high-resolution displays remains a substantial challenge. Looking ahead, the tighter integration of artificial intelligence models with weakly supervised learning schemes and standardized datasets is expected to enable joint optimization of Mura detection, quantification, and compensation, thereby further advancing the engineering deployment of high-uniformity display technologies.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"251-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on amorphous oxide and organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest owing to their promising application in displays and large-area electronics. To guide circuit design and process optimization, it is imperative to accurately extract the device parameters and simulate the performance of TFTs using fast analytical compact model that incorporates the fundamental physics of these devices. However, the available modeling tools with such functionality remain somewhat limited due to challenges in accounting for the complex properties of TFTs at both material and device levels. In this work, we present a compact TFT modeling tool, CAM-XT, as well as model parameter extraction technique for simulation of TFTs in circuit design. The CAM-XT tool is based on a density-of-states approach coupled with advanced physics-based compact models for TFTs. Starting from the experimental terminal characteristics of the TFT, CAM-XT enables automated extraction of key parameters including threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, field-effect mobility, and contact resistance, and simulates both transfer and output characteristics beyond the range of the input data. The tool is designed to expedite manufacturing-related TFT process diagnostics and circuit design for TFT integration. A representative application example is presented along with extraction and simulation scenarios featuring a user-friendly graphical input-output interfaces.
{"title":"CAM-XT: A Physics-Based Compact Thin-Film Transistor Modeling Tool for Circuit Analysis","authors":"Yuan Li;Guangzheng Yi;Hongbo Ma;Wenxuan Wang;Kunlin Cai;Jun Yu;Samar Saha;Arokia Nathan","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3635019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3635019","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on amorphous oxide and organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest owing to their promising application in displays and large-area electronics. To guide circuit design and process optimization, it is imperative to accurately extract the device parameters and simulate the performance of TFTs using fast analytical compact model that incorporates the fundamental physics of these devices. However, the available modeling tools with such functionality remain somewhat limited due to challenges in accounting for the complex properties of TFTs at both material and device levels. In this work, we present a compact TFT modeling tool, CAM-XT, as well as model parameter extraction technique for simulation of TFTs in circuit design. The CAM-XT tool is based on a density-of-states approach coupled with advanced physics-based compact models for TFTs. Starting from the experimental terminal characteristics of the TFT, CAM-XT enables automated extraction of key parameters including threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, field-effect mobility, and contact resistance, and simulates both transfer and output characteristics beyond the range of the input data. The tool is designed to expedite manufacturing-related TFT process diagnostics and circuit design for TFT integration. A representative application example is presented along with extraction and simulation scenarios featuring a user-friendly graphical input-output interfaces.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11263457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3635023
Joana C. Mendes
Micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have emerged as a transformative display technology that provides substantial benefits over traditional technologies owing to their high brightness, long lifetime, and energy efficiency. However, as device dimensions shrink and current densities rise, thermal management becomes a critical bottleneck affecting performance, reliability, and scalability. Diamond, with its exceptional thermal conductivity, breakdown field, and chemical stability, has attracted significant interest as a promising solution for micro-LED heat dissipation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of diamond in the thermal management of micro- and power LEDs. The recent advances in the integration of polycrystalline and single-crystal diamond with LED structures are summarized, highlighting fabrication strategies and attachment techniques. Finally, potential pathways for overcoming the cost barrier and the main technological challenges are proposed.
{"title":"Diamond-Based Thermal Management Approaches for Micro-LED Devices","authors":"Joana C. Mendes","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3635023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3635023","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have emerged as a transformative display technology that provides substantial benefits over traditional technologies owing to their high brightness, long lifetime, and energy efficiency. However, as device dimensions shrink and current densities rise, thermal management becomes a critical bottleneck affecting performance, reliability, and scalability. Diamond, with its exceptional thermal conductivity, breakdown field, and chemical stability, has attracted significant interest as a promising solution for micro-LED heat dissipation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of diamond in the thermal management of micro- and power LEDs. The recent advances in the integration of polycrystalline and single-crystal diamond with LED structures are summarized, highlighting fabrication strategies and attachment techniques. Finally, potential pathways for overcoming the cost barrier and the main technological challenges are proposed.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"210-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11264285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stretchable displays are emerging as the next form factor for free-form human–machine interfaces, and the island–bridge structure is leading this transition by combining mechanical stretchability with the performance of rigid, high-quality devices. Rigid islands protect light-emitting diodes and driving circuits, while stretchable bridges absorb strain to preserve electrical stability under repeated deformation. This review explores design principles and implementation efforts that enhance system stretchability and reliability through stress-relief features, strain-engineered substrates, and material- or structure-based bridges. These advances achieve platform mechanical and electrical robustness, but robustness alone does not guarantee image quality. Deformation of the elastic substrate skews pixel spacing, and the widening of non-emissive regions reduces the fill factor, jointly degrading visual uniformity. Thus, recent advances are covered, which confront these side effects using metamaterial substrates with controlled Poisson’s ratios, multilayer structures that relocate bridges away from the display surface, and hidden pixel strategies that compensate active areas during stretching. Application demonstrations indicate momentum toward commercialization in skin-conformal biomedical patches, wearables, automotive interfaces, and industrial panels. The overall insight is that island–bridge platforms utilize established manufacturing processes and provide a scalable solution to high resolution and reliability, which presents a promising entry to market.
{"title":"A Review of Stretchable Displays Based on Rigid-Island Structures for Immersive Displays","authors":"Jaehyeock Chang;Hagseon Kim;Dongsun Lee;Kyung Cheol Choi","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3633247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3633247","url":null,"abstract":"Stretchable displays are emerging as the next form factor for free-form human–machine interfaces, and the island–bridge structure is leading this transition by combining mechanical stretchability with the performance of rigid, high-quality devices. Rigid islands protect light-emitting diodes and driving circuits, while stretchable bridges absorb strain to preserve electrical stability under repeated deformation. This review explores design principles and implementation efforts that enhance system stretchability and reliability through stress-relief features, strain-engineered substrates, and material- or structure-based bridges. These advances achieve platform mechanical and electrical robustness, but robustness alone does not guarantee image quality. Deformation of the elastic substrate skews pixel spacing, and the widening of non-emissive regions reduces the fill factor, jointly degrading visual uniformity. Thus, recent advances are covered, which confront these side effects using metamaterial substrates with controlled Poisson’s ratios, multilayer structures that relocate bridges away from the display surface, and hidden pixel strategies that compensate active areas during stretching. Application demonstrations indicate momentum toward commercialization in skin-conformal biomedical patches, wearables, automotive interfaces, and industrial panels. The overall insight is that island–bridge platforms utilize established manufacturing processes and provide a scalable solution to high resolution and reliability, which presents a promising entry to market.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"173-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11264284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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