Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3518133
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays (OJID) Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3518133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3518133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10841911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3484415
John F. Wager;Jung Bae Kim;Daniel Severin;Zero Hung;Dong Kil Yim;Soo Young Choi;Marcus Bender
A set of analytical equations is formulated for the analysis and design of a dual-layer thin-film transistor (TFT). For a given TFT structure, in which each channel layer thickness is specified, drain current is calculated as a function of drain and gate voltage (taking the source as ground) according to the Enz, Krummenacher, Vittoz (EKV) compact model. In order to implement this EKV-based equation, only one model parameter function is required, i.e., drift mobility as a function of gate voltage. Drift mobility is evaluated as a consequence of accumulation layer electrostatics assessment of the dual-layer TFT. In order to use the model, ten semiconductor physical properties must be specified, five for each semiconductor channel layer; namely, low-frequency (static) relative dielectric constant, free electron concentration, maximum (no trapping) mobility, and slope & intercept parameters characterizing the semiconductor trap density. Additionally, model implementation requires knowing two structure properties (insulator capacitance density and TFT width-to-length ratio), and one physical operating parameter (temperature). Simulation of dual-layer TFTs reveals that optimal mobility performance is obtained when the higher mobility semiconductor is positioned as the bottom channel layer, while the lower mobility semiconductor top channel layer is made as thin as is practicable.
{"title":"Dual-Layer Thin-Film Transistor Analysis and Design","authors":"John F. Wager;Jung Bae Kim;Daniel Severin;Zero Hung;Dong Kil Yim;Soo Young Choi;Marcus Bender","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3484415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3484415","url":null,"abstract":"A set of analytical equations is formulated for the analysis and design of a dual-layer thin-film transistor (TFT). For a given TFT structure, in which each channel layer thickness is specified, drain current is calculated as a function of drain and gate voltage (taking the source as ground) according to the Enz, Krummenacher, Vittoz (EKV) compact model. In order to implement this EKV-based equation, only one model parameter function is required, i.e., drift mobility as a function of gate voltage. Drift mobility is evaluated as a consequence of accumulation layer electrostatics assessment of the dual-layer TFT. In order to use the model, ten semiconductor physical properties must be specified, five for each semiconductor channel layer; namely, low-frequency (static) relative dielectric constant, free electron concentration, maximum (no trapping) mobility, and slope & intercept parameters characterizing the semiconductor trap density. Additionally, model implementation requires knowing two structure properties (insulator capacitance density and TFT width-to-length ratio), and one physical operating parameter (temperature). Simulation of dual-layer TFTs reveals that optimal mobility performance is obtained when the higher mobility semiconductor is positioned as the bottom channel layer, while the lower mobility semiconductor top channel layer is made as thin as is practicable.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"214-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10726664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3470711
Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been implemented into the display industry in recent years. This paper introduces AI theories applied to the display industry, covering concepts of AI, machine learning, and deep learning. It reviews optimization techniques for developing machine learning models and explains various deep learning architectures and learning paradigms applicable to the display industry. Additionally, it introduces explainable AI techniques for model analysis. Practical application cases will be reviewed in a separate paper.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Fundamentals for the Display Industry: A Review (August 2024)","authors":"Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3470711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3470711","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) has been implemented into the display industry in recent years. This paper introduces AI theories applied to the display industry, covering concepts of AI, machine learning, and deep learning. It reviews optimization techniques for developing machine learning models and explains various deep learning architectures and learning paradigms applicable to the display industry. Additionally, it introduces explainable AI techniques for model analysis. Practical application cases will be reviewed in a separate paper.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"204-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10700054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advances in materials and electronics technologies are enabling a myriad of potential extended reality experiences that were not possible before. This includes applications in gaming, metaverse, health, robotics, and defense. For these technologies to be adopted significant improvement in technical capabilities of the electronic devices and systems are necessary for creating experiences that match human visual, sensing, movement, and cognition capabilities. This paper presents some of the critical advances at the forefront of the technology for development of highly realistic immersive experiences for different applications. We present display technologies that help in creating novel high quality, high resolution, high contrast ratio with fast response time needed for implementation of advanced near eye displays. We report some of the works in stretchable and flexible displays that can be adopted in these near eye displays as well as those interfaced with clothing and body tissue for collection health data and delivering therapeutic applications. We discuss computer vision algorithms and wearable technologies powered by machine learning to enable accurate capturing of complex hand and body movements to enable rich interactive experiences. Applications of these technologies for robotics and remote health is discussed. We report some of the machine learning, deep learning and federated learning technologies needed for creating highly personalized and accurate edge user content and enhancing artificial intelligence integration. We also discuss technologies used for harvesting and capturing of electrical energy for powering these immersive experiences. For creating highly immersive experiences for wide range of users and applications seamless integration of these technologies are needed.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Powered, Interactive, Stretchable, Immersive Displays and Wearables","authors":"Peyman Servati;Arvin Tashakori;Wenwen Zhang;Yan Wang;Zenan Jiang;Amir Servati;Harishkumar Narayana;Saeid Soltanian;Neha Suvindran;Hyejeong Choi;Menglei Hu;Qi Wang;Yi-Chieh Wang;Morteza Lotfi;Gongbo Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3460744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3460744","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in materials and electronics technologies are enabling a myriad of potential extended reality experiences that were not possible before. This includes applications in gaming, metaverse, health, robotics, and defense. For these technologies to be adopted significant improvement in technical capabilities of the electronic devices and systems are necessary for creating experiences that match human visual, sensing, movement, and cognition capabilities. This paper presents some of the critical advances at the forefront of the technology for development of highly realistic immersive experiences for different applications. We present display technologies that help in creating novel high quality, high resolution, high contrast ratio with fast response time needed for implementation of advanced near eye displays. We report some of the works in stretchable and flexible displays that can be adopted in these near eye displays as well as those interfaced with clothing and body tissue for collection health data and delivering therapeutic applications. We discuss computer vision algorithms and wearable technologies powered by machine learning to enable accurate capturing of complex hand and body movements to enable rich interactive experiences. Applications of these technologies for robotics and remote health is discussed. We report some of the machine learning, deep learning and federated learning technologies needed for creating highly personalized and accurate edge user content and enhancing artificial intelligence integration. We also discuss technologies used for harvesting and capturing of electrical energy for powering these immersive experiences. For creating highly immersive experiences for wide range of users and applications seamless integration of these technologies are needed.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"173-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10680569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3458904
Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee
Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is being applied to various industries such as medical care, security, education, and manufacturing, and its application is rapidly expanding. AI has been implemented in various fields of the display industry, including display design, defect analysis, and automated process control and inspection. Research on on-device applications for displays is also active. These applications aim to advance research, develop technologies, and automate and standardize manufacturing processes. This paper comprehensively reviews AI applications in the display industry.
{"title":"A Review on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Display Industry","authors":"Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3458904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3458904","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is being applied to various industries such as medical care, security, education, and manufacturing, and its application is rapidly expanding. AI has been implemented in various fields of the display industry, including display design, defect analysis, and automated process control and inspection. Research on on-device applications for displays is also active. These applications aim to advance research, develop technologies, and automate and standardize manufacturing processes. This paper comprehensively reviews AI applications in the display industry.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"165-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3457495
Jeong-Wan Jo;Yoonwoo Kim;Sung-Min Jung;Jong Min Kim
The increasing demand for immersive visual experiences has significantly driven the expansion of augmented and virtual reality. The optical technologies that support the three-dimensional displays are pivotal in advancing immersive display systems. This article reviews the fundamental concepts and current progress in the development of various 3D display technologies, with a focus on immersive 3D display systems. We discuss the basic concept of depth perception through monocular and binocular cues in the human visual system. Various stereoscopic display systems that utilise eyewear glasses are introduced. The fundamental operation principles and design rules of multi-view autostereoscopic display systems are investigated, with a highlight on active optical filter technology for converting between 2D and 3D display modes. Additionally, light field display technologies, which offer more natural depth perception, are explored. State-of-the-art technologies, recent research trends, and applications to immersive AR and VR systems across stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, and light field displays are examined. Combinatorial innovations in optical materials, optical device architecture, cost-effective process technologies, and precise system design will accelerate the commercialization of immersive displays including AR and VR applications, offering an excellent user experience and leading the future of the immersive display industry.
对身临其境视觉体验的需求日益增长，极大地推动了增强现实和虚拟现实技术的发展。支持三维显示的光学技术在推动身临其境显示系统的发展中举足轻重。本文回顾了各种三维显示技术的基本概念和当前的开发进展，重点是沉浸式三维显示系统。我们讨论了人类视觉系统中通过单眼和双眼线索进行深度感知的基本概念。介绍了利用眼镜的各种立体显示系统。研究了多视角自动立体显示系统的基本工作原理和设计规则，重点介绍了在二维和三维显示模式之间进行转换的有源滤光片技术。此外，还探讨了能提供更自然深度感知的光场显示技术。此外，还探讨了能提供更自然深度感知的光场显示技术。本文还研究了立体、自动立体和光场显示方面的最新技术、最新研究趋势以及在沉浸式 AR 和 VR 系统中的应用。光学材料、光学器件结构、高性价比工艺技术和精确系统设计方面的组合创新将加速身临其境显示技术（包括 AR 和 VR 应用）的商业化，提供卓越的用户体验，引领身临其境显示行业的未来。
{"title":"Progress in 3D Display Technologies for Immersive Visual Experiences","authors":"Jeong-Wan Jo;Yoonwoo Kim;Sung-Min Jung;Jong Min Kim","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3457495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3457495","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for immersive visual experiences has significantly driven the expansion of augmented and virtual reality. The optical technologies that support the three-dimensional displays are pivotal in advancing immersive display systems. This article reviews the fundamental concepts and current progress in the development of various 3D display technologies, with a focus on immersive 3D display systems. We discuss the basic concept of depth perception through monocular and binocular cues in the human visual system. Various stereoscopic display systems that utilise eyewear glasses are introduced. The fundamental operation principles and design rules of multi-view autostereoscopic display systems are investigated, with a highlight on active optical filter technology for converting between 2D and 3D display modes. Additionally, light field display technologies, which offer more natural depth perception, are explored. State-of-the-art technologies, recent research trends, and applications to immersive AR and VR systems across stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, and light field displays are examined. Combinatorial innovations in optical materials, optical device architecture, cost-effective process technologies, and precise system design will accelerate the commercialization of immersive displays including AR and VR applications, offering an excellent user experience and leading the future of the immersive display industry.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10670335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future flexible intelligent displays are driving demands for greater flexibility, higher resolution, faster refresh rates, and enhanced functionality. This review mainly focuses on recent advances and ongoing challenges in flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS), and low-temperature polysilicon and oxide (LTPO) for flexible backplane technologies. Furthermore, the developments of process and function integration techniques, including device scaling, device stacking, as well as functional circuits and applications, are discussed from the perspective of innovation and significance. Besides, the integration of intelligent systems is briefly introduced, emphasizing the role of synaptic transistors, including metal oxide and carbon nanotube-based ones, in real-time data processing and sensing functions. By providing insights into the status and future directions, this review provides a comprehensive perspective and discussion on the development of next-generation flexible intelligent display technologies.
{"title":"Flexible Thin-Film Transistor and Integration Strategies for Future Intelligent Displays","authors":"Yuqing Zhang;Xu Wang;Sixin Zhang;Chunxiu Wang;Min Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3454559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3454559","url":null,"abstract":"Future flexible intelligent displays are driving demands for greater flexibility, higher resolution, faster refresh rates, and enhanced functionality. This review mainly focuses on recent advances and ongoing challenges in flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS), and low-temperature polysilicon and oxide (LTPO) for flexible backplane technologies. Furthermore, the developments of process and function integration techniques, including device scaling, device stacking, as well as functional circuits and applications, are discussed from the perspective of innovation and significance. Besides, the integration of intelligent systems is briefly introduced, emphasizing the role of synaptic transistors, including metal oxide and carbon nanotube-based ones, in real-time data processing and sensing functions. By providing insights into the status and future directions, this review provides a comprehensive perspective and discussion on the development of next-generation flexible intelligent display technologies.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"187-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10664033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3450830
Yifan Ji;Xin Hu;Mingyang Ren;Xi Luo;Ying Lu;Qian Chen;Ning Li;Xiubao Sui
Infrared detection and imaging serve as powerful means in a wide range of fields such as automatic surveillance, biomedical imaging, and industrial inspection, extending human vision far beyond the visible world. Traditional infrared imagers based on rigid inorganic materials struggle to meet the dramatically increasing demand for high-performance infrared detectors, as their development and application are impeded by high manufacturing costs and complex fabrication processes. Upconversion devices that can directly convert invisible infrared input to visible images without pixel arrays and readout circuits have emerged as attractive alternatives to conventional infrared imagers. To date, continued explorations on novel materials and working mechanisms have enabled upconversion devices with excellent performances, low manufacturing costs, and compatibility with flexible and convenient fabrication methods, such as solution processing. This review focuses on the recent progress of upconversion imagers for infrared detection and visualization. We outline the fundamental working principles and the vital performance metrics of upconverters, then summarize and discuss the materials, strategies as well as fabrication process employed in state-of-the-art devices to effectively achieve long detection wavelength, high conversion efficiency, and enhanced resolution. Additionally, the diverse application scenarios are demonstrated. Lastly, the limitations and challenges are identified to promote the practical application of upconversion imagers. Specifically, the potential of infrared-to-visible upconversion imagers for improving immersive AR/VR interaction experiences is highlighted, providing new perspectives for the future development of upconversion imaging technology, which is very promising to advance compact, high-performance, and economical infrared imaging systems.
{"title":"Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Imagers: Recent Advances and Future Trends","authors":"Yifan Ji;Xin Hu;Mingyang Ren;Xi Luo;Ying Lu;Qian Chen;Ning Li;Xiubao Sui","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3450830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3450830","url":null,"abstract":"Infrared detection and imaging serve as powerful means in a wide range of fields such as automatic surveillance, biomedical imaging, and industrial inspection, extending human vision far beyond the visible world. Traditional infrared imagers based on rigid inorganic materials struggle to meet the dramatically increasing demand for high-performance infrared detectors, as their development and application are impeded by high manufacturing costs and complex fabrication processes. Upconversion devices that can directly convert invisible infrared input to visible images without pixel arrays and readout circuits have emerged as attractive alternatives to conventional infrared imagers. To date, continued explorations on novel materials and working mechanisms have enabled upconversion devices with excellent performances, low manufacturing costs, and compatibility with flexible and convenient fabrication methods, such as solution processing. This review focuses on the recent progress of upconversion imagers for infrared detection and visualization. We outline the fundamental working principles and the vital performance metrics of upconverters, then summarize and discuss the materials, strategies as well as fabrication process employed in state-of-the-art devices to effectively achieve long detection wavelength, high conversion efficiency, and enhanced resolution. Additionally, the diverse application scenarios are demonstrated. Lastly, the limitations and challenges are identified to promote the practical application of upconversion imagers. Specifically, the potential of infrared-to-visible upconversion imagers for improving immersive AR/VR interaction experiences is highlighted, providing new perspectives for the future development of upconversion imaging technology, which is very promising to advance compact, high-performance, and economical infrared imaging systems.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"107-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10654541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142159098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3450657
Xin Jin;Suyu Chai;Jie Tang;Xianda Zhou;Kai Wang
With the rapid development of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications, eye-tracking as a natural yet intuitive human-machine interface technology has become increasingly important and necessary. This review provides a comprehensive overview of approaches, technological advancements, application scenarios, and challenges of various eye-tracking technologies particularly for AR/VRs. After briefly discussing the fundamental principles of eye-tracking technology and its implementation in AR/VR devices, we have reviewed the major technological breakthroughs and innovations in this field in the recent years. We also make specific cases of eye-tracking technology in various AR/VR applications, such as user interface optimization, gaze interaction, immersive experience enhancement, and health monitoring. Lastly, technical challenges such as insufficient accuracy, high computational resource consumption, and privacy concerns together with future development directions of eye-tracking technology, have been addressed.
{"title":"Eye-Tracking in AR/VR: A Technological Review and Future Directions","authors":"Xin Jin;Suyu Chai;Jie Tang;Xianda Zhou;Kai Wang","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3450657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3450657","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications, eye-tracking as a natural yet intuitive human-machine interface technology has become increasingly important and necessary. This review provides a comprehensive overview of approaches, technological advancements, application scenarios, and challenges of various eye-tracking technologies particularly for AR/VRs. After briefly discussing the fundamental principles of eye-tracking technology and its implementation in AR/VR devices, we have reviewed the major technological breakthroughs and innovations in this field in the recent years. We also make specific cases of eye-tracking technology in various AR/VR applications, such as user interface optimization, gaze interaction, immersive experience enhancement, and health monitoring. Lastly, technical challenges such as insufficient accuracy, high computational resource consumption, and privacy concerns together with future development directions of eye-tracking technology, have been addressed.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"146-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10652231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2024.3446761
Shan Huang;Feng Feng;Zichun Li;Yibo Liu;Man Hoi Wong;Hoi Sing Kwok;Zhaojun Liu
With the continuous proliferation of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies, especially as their applications expand across entertainment, education, healthcare, and industrial sectors, the demand for full-color microdisplays based on micro-light-emitting diodes (MicroLEDs) is expected to grow significantly. This paper reviews the latest advancements in achieving full-color microdisplays, particularly those utilizing MicroLED technology and summarizes the methods employed by various research groups in recent years to better meet the display requirements of AR/VR devices. These methods include mass transfer technology, quantum dot color conversion technology, multi-material epitaxial layer stacking technology, JBD's x-cube technology, and several other emerging technologies. These approaches provide feasible technological pathways for the realization of full-color microdisplays and offer valuable references for the future development of MicroLED-based full-color microdisplays.
随着增强现实（AR）和虚拟现实（VR）技术的不断普及，特别是其应用领域在娱乐、教育、医疗保健和工业领域的不断扩大，对基于微型发光二极管（MicroLED）的全彩微型显示器的需求预计将大幅增长。本文回顾了实现全彩微型显示器，特别是利用 MicroLED 技术实现全彩微型显示器的最新进展，并总结了近年来各研究小组为更好地满足 AR/VR 设备的显示要求而采用的方法。这些方法包括传质技术、量子点色彩转换技术、多材料外延层堆叠技术、JBD 的 x 立方体技术以及其他一些新兴技术。这些方法为实现全彩微显示器提供了可行的技术途径，并为基于 MicroLED 的全彩微显示器的未来发展提供了有价值的参考。
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