Effect of dietary intake of advanced glycation end products on biomarkers of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Thermal treatment of food may undergo Maillard reactions and produce harmful substances, e.g., advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Current studies show different results about the effects of dietary AGE intake on the biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this work conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effect of dietary AGE intake on the biomarkers of T2DM, the available evidence, and the bias of this evidence. This meta-analysis focused on the association between high AGE intake and fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR. Thirteen parallel studies and 4 randomized crossover studies were finally included. In the pooled analysis, fasting glucose (SMD: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.23, 1.73; p = .011), fasting insulin (SMD: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.63, 2.25; p < .01), and HOMA-IR (SMD: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.59, 2.34; p < .01) significantly increased after dietary intake with high AGEs. In the subgroup analyses, high-AGE diets and healthy participants were associated with changes in the biomarkers of T2DM. Taken together, the intake of high dietary AGE was related to the development of T2DM.