Understanding resurgence and other emergent activity with the laws of allocation, induction, and covariance

Resurgence is defined as an increase in a previously extinguished target response (B₁) resulting from the worsening of conditions for a more recently reinforced alternative response (B₂). Worsening includes extinction or reductions in rate, amount, and immediacy of delivery of food or some other phylogenetically important event (PIE). In the first part of the article, we apply the laws of allocation, induction, and covariance to understand not only resurgence of operant activity previously covarying with the PIE (B₁) but also a constellation of ontogenetic and phylogenetic activities both related to the PIE (B₀) and unrelated to the PIE (B_N). In the second part, we discuss how induction might be incorporated into and provide alternative processes within an existing matching-based framework, resurgence as choice (RaC). We begin to identify how this range of activities could depend on changes in the relative competitive weight (V) of all available activities (B₁, B₂, B₀, B_N) in addition to only those receiving explicit training (B₁, B₂). Future empirical and theoretical research is needed within this framework to provide a more complete understanding of resurgence and behavior more generally.