Nanomaterial-biological hybrid systems: Advancements in solar-driven CO2-to-chemical conversion

The nanomaterial-biological hybrid system (NBHS) is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field that combines photocatalytic nanomaterials with biological systems, leveraging the superior light-harvesting capabilities of nanomaterials and the excellent selectivity of enzymes and microbes. This integration enables the conversion of solar energy into chemical products with high efficiency, attracting significant research interest from the fields of renewable energy and environmental science. Despite notable advances, the synergy mechanisms between abiotic nanomaterials and biotic enzymes/microbes remain unclear. This review outlines the latest progress in NBHS, encompassing material-enzyme hybrids and material-microbial hybrids, and explores design principles. Specifically, it examines the crucial role of electron transfer modes in enhancing the synergistic efficiency of nanomaterials and biological systems by analyzing various electron transfer mechanisms at the nanomaterial-biological interface. Drawing from existing literature, the review highlights the use of interfacial electron transfer mechanisms between coenzymes and cytochromes to elucidate nano/bio-material synergy. This fundamental understanding unveils opportunities to enhance biocompatible interfaces and electron transfer mechanisms, enabling non-photosensitive bacteria to harness solar energy for light-driven intracellular metabolism and CO₂ bio-reduction into value-added chemicals. By offering a comprehensive overview of NBHS, this review also lays the groundwork for the development of more powerful systems aimed at achieving carbon neutrality.