Prothrombin complex concentrate for direct factor Xa inhibitor-associated bleeding or before urgent surgery

Introduction

Factor Xa inhibitor (FXaI)-associated bleeding events are common and associated with substantial morbidity. Systematic evaluation of widely available, effective, and affordable FXaI bleed management strategies is needed.

Materials and methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of FXaI-treated patients presenting to a tertiary academic medical center from January 2018 to May 2019 who received 25–50 IU/kg 4F-PCC for either FXaI-associated major bleeding or urgent surgery. The primary outcome was hemostatic efficacy, and the safety outcome was the 30-day risk of thromboembolism.

Results

PCC was used to treat FXaI-associated bleeding in 83 cases (79.1 %) and was given before urgent surgery in 22 cases (20.9 %). Sixty-six patients were on apixaban, 38 were on rivaroxaban and one patient was on edoxaban. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and gastrointestinal bleeding accounted for most bleeds (74.7 %). Median interval between last DOAC intake and presentation to triage was 9 h [IQR 5.3–14.8] and median PCC dosing was 40.0 IU/kg [IQR 28.5–46.6]. Forty-two patients (40.0 %) had pre-PCC FXaI levels drawn with median FXaI levels of 114.5 ng/mL [IQR 70.0–175.0]. Effective hemostasis occurred in 66.7 % [95%CI 55.4–76.3] of patients receiving PCC for bleeding and surgical hemostasis was rated as normal in 95.5 % (95%CI 76.5–100.0) for patients having urgent surgery. The 30-day risk of thromboembolism was 7.6 % [95%CI 3.7–14.5] and 22.9 % [95%CI 15.8–31.8] of patients died.

Conclusions

PCC for FXaI-associated bleeding was associated with hemostatic efficacy in two-thirds of patients and thromboembolic events were uncommon. PCC represents a promising treatment strategy for FXaI-associated bleeding.