Daniel Bergsvik, Maja Weemes Grøtting, Ingeborg Rossow
{"title":"在挪威，小幅增加店外营业时间对酒类销售的影响：阶梯式群组随机对照试验。","authors":"Daniel Bergsvik, Maja Weemes Grøtting, Ingeborg Rossow","doi":"10.1111/add.16683","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Evidence of the effect of limiting off-premises alcohol trading hours is still scarce. This study tested the effect of a small extension in trading hours on alcohol sales in alcohol monopoly outlets in Norway.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The extension of trading hours was implemented within a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design. Eligible state monopoly outlets (n = 229) were clustered into trade districts (n = 62), which were block-randomized to one of three sequences regarding date of implementation: 1 September 2020 (n = 21 districts, 82 outlets), 1 December 2020 (n = 21 districts, 73 outlets) and 1 March 2021 (n = 20 districts, 74 outlets). Outcomes were followed-up for a 1-year period.</p><p><strong>Setting and participants: </strong>Study participants were state monopoly outlets in urban and rural trade districts in all parts of Norway.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Monthly alcohol sales in litres of pure alcohol per trade district and per outlet were measured from March 2020 to March 2022 (primary outcome). We applied a linear mixed-effect model with two-way fixed effects within a difference-in-difference framework. As a robustness check we considered the effects of cross-border trade and effects in subgroups of outlets. Trading hours in monopoly outlets were extended by 1 hour on Saturdays. The extension was permanent. Pre-intervention periods and not-yet-treated units served as control conditions.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We did not find a statistically significant effect of the small extension in trading hours on monthly alcohol sales (i) per trade district [average treatment effect: -185.5 litres, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1159.9, 788.9] and (ii) per outlet (-35.3 litres, 95% CI = -142.1, 72.0). These findings were consistent across estimation methods and model specifications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is no clear evidence that a small extension in off-premises trading hours affected alcohol sales in monopoly outlets in Norway.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effect of a small increase in off-premises trading hours on alcohol sales in Norway: A stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial.\",\"authors\":\"Daniel Bergsvik, Maja Weemes Grøtting, Ingeborg Rossow\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/add.16683\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Evidence of the effect of limiting off-premises alcohol trading hours is still scarce. This study tested the effect of a small extension in trading hours on alcohol sales in alcohol monopoly outlets in Norway.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The extension of trading hours was implemented within a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design. Eligible state monopoly outlets (n = 229) were clustered into trade districts (n = 62), which were block-randomized to one of three sequences regarding date of implementation: 1 September 2020 (n = 21 districts, 82 outlets), 1 December 2020 (n = 21 districts, 73 outlets) and 1 March 2021 (n = 20 districts, 74 outlets). Outcomes were followed-up for a 1-year period.</p><p><strong>Setting and participants: </strong>Study participants were state monopoly outlets in urban and rural trade districts in all parts of Norway.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Monthly alcohol sales in litres of pure alcohol per trade district and per outlet were measured from March 2020 to March 2022 (primary outcome). We applied a linear mixed-effect model with two-way fixed effects within a difference-in-difference framework. As a robustness check we considered the effects of cross-border trade and effects in subgroups of outlets. Trading hours in monopoly outlets were extended by 1 hour on Saturdays. The extension was permanent. Pre-intervention periods and not-yet-treated units served as control conditions.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We did not find a statistically significant effect of the small extension in trading hours on monthly alcohol sales (i) per trade district [average treatment effect: -185.5 litres, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1159.9, 788.9] and (ii) per outlet (-35.3 litres, 95% CI = -142.1, 72.0). 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Effect of a small increase in off-premises trading hours on alcohol sales in Norway: A stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial.
Background and aims: Evidence of the effect of limiting off-premises alcohol trading hours is still scarce. This study tested the effect of a small extension in trading hours on alcohol sales in alcohol monopoly outlets in Norway.
Design: The extension of trading hours was implemented within a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design. Eligible state monopoly outlets (n = 229) were clustered into trade districts (n = 62), which were block-randomized to one of three sequences regarding date of implementation: 1 September 2020 (n = 21 districts, 82 outlets), 1 December 2020 (n = 21 districts, 73 outlets) and 1 March 2021 (n = 20 districts, 74 outlets). Outcomes were followed-up for a 1-year period.
Setting and participants: Study participants were state monopoly outlets in urban and rural trade districts in all parts of Norway.
Measurements: Monthly alcohol sales in litres of pure alcohol per trade district and per outlet were measured from March 2020 to March 2022 (primary outcome). We applied a linear mixed-effect model with two-way fixed effects within a difference-in-difference framework. As a robustness check we considered the effects of cross-border trade and effects in subgroups of outlets. Trading hours in monopoly outlets were extended by 1 hour on Saturdays. The extension was permanent. Pre-intervention periods and not-yet-treated units served as control conditions.
Findings: We did not find a statistically significant effect of the small extension in trading hours on monthly alcohol sales (i) per trade district [average treatment effect: -185.5 litres, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1159.9, 788.9] and (ii) per outlet (-35.3 litres, 95% CI = -142.1, 72.0). These findings were consistent across estimation methods and model specifications.
Conclusion: There is no clear evidence that a small extension in off-premises trading hours affected alcohol sales in monopoly outlets in Norway.
期刊介绍：
Addiction publishes peer-reviewed research reports on pharmacological and behavioural addictions, bringing together research conducted within many different disciplines.
Its goal is to serve international and interdisciplinary scientific and clinical communication, to strengthen links between science and policy, and to stimulate and enhance the quality of debate. We seek submissions that are not only technically competent but are also original and contain information or ideas of fresh interest to our international readership. We seek to serve low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries as well as more economically developed countries.
Addiction’s scope spans human experimental, epidemiological, social science, historical, clinical and policy research relating to addiction, primarily but not exclusively in the areas of psychoactive substance use and/or gambling. In addition to original research, the journal features editorials, commentaries, reviews, letters, and book reviews.
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