Yucan Qin, Haoxin Lv, Yating Xiong, Lin Qi, Yanfei Li, Ying Xin, Yan Zhao
{"title":"利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法对玉米中的曲霉菌污染进行早期预警。","authors":"Yucan Qin, Haoxin Lv, Yating Xiong, Lin Qi, Yanfei Li, Ying Xin, Yan Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470115","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>As one of the main grain crops in China, maize is highly susceptible to <i>Aspergillus</i> infection during processing, storage and transportation due to high moisture at harvest, which results in the loss of quality. The aim of this study is to explore the early warning marker molecules when <i>Aspergillus</i> infects maize kernels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Firstly, strains MA and MB were isolated from moldy maize and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be <i>Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus)</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger (A. niger)</i>. Next, fresh maize was moldy by contaminated with strains MA and MB. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the contamination process of two fungal strains were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). A total of 31 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MA, a total of 32 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MB, including confirmed monomers and dimers. Finally, heat maps and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that VOCs produced in different growth stages of <i>Aspergillus</i> had great differences. Combined with the results of GC-IMS, total fungal colony counts and fungal spores, it was concluded that the <i>Aspergillus</i>-contaminated maize was in the early stage of mold at 18 h.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Therefore, the characteristic VOCs butan-2-one, ethyl acetate-D, Benzaldehyde, and pentan-2-one produced by maize at 18 h of storage can be used as early mildew biomarkers of <i>Aspergillus</i> infection in maize.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study provided effective marker molecules for the development of an early warning and monitoring system for the degree of maize mildew in granaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464317/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Early warning of <i>Aspergillus</i> contamination in maize by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry.\",\"authors\":\"Yucan Qin, Haoxin Lv, Yating Xiong, Lin Qi, Yanfei Li, Ying Xin, Yan Zhao\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470115\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>As one of the main grain crops in China, maize is highly susceptible to <i>Aspergillus</i> infection during processing, storage and transportation due to high moisture at harvest, which results in the loss of quality. The aim of this study is to explore the early warning marker molecules when <i>Aspergillus</i> infects maize kernels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Firstly, strains MA and MB were isolated from moldy maize and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be <i>Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus)</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger (A. niger)</i>. Next, fresh maize was moldy by contaminated with strains MA and MB. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the contamination process of two fungal strains were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). A total of 31 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MA, a total of 32 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MB, including confirmed monomers and dimers. Finally, heat maps and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that VOCs produced in different growth stages of <i>Aspergillus</i> had great differences. Combined with the results of GC-IMS, total fungal colony counts and fungal spores, it was concluded that the <i>Aspergillus</i>-contaminated maize was in the early stage of mold at 18 h.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Therefore, the characteristic VOCs butan-2-one, ethyl acetate-D, Benzaldehyde, and pentan-2-one produced by maize at 18 h of storage can be used as early mildew biomarkers of <i>Aspergillus</i> infection in maize.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study provided effective marker molecules for the development of an early warning and monitoring system for the degree of maize mildew in granaries.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12466,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Frontiers in Microbiology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-26\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464317/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Frontiers in Microbiology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470115\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2024/1/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"MICROBIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Microbiology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470115","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
引言玉米是我国主要粮食作物之一,由于收获时水分较高,在加工、贮藏和运输过程中极易感染曲霉菌,导致品质下降。本研究旨在探索玉米曲霉感染玉米粒时的预警标记分子:首先,从霉变玉米中分离出 MA 和 MB 菌株,并通过形态学特征和 18S rRNA 基因序列分析确定其为黄曲霉(A. flavus)和黑曲霉(A. niger)。接下来,新鲜玉米因受到 MA 和 MB 菌株的污染而发霉。采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(GC-IMS)分析了两种真菌菌株在污染过程中产生的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。在受到 MA 菌株污染的玉米中,共检测到 31 种挥发性有机化合物;在受到 MB 菌株污染的玉米中,共检测到 32 种挥发性有机化合物,其中包括已确认的单体和二聚体。最后,热图和主成分分析(PCA)表明,曲霉菌在不同生长阶段产生的 VOCs 有很大差异。结合 GC-IMS、真菌菌落总数和真菌孢子的结果,可以得出结论:受曲霉菌污染的玉米在 18 h 时处于霉菌的早期阶段:因此,玉米在储存 18 h 时产生的特征性挥发性有机化合物丁-2-酮、乙酸乙酯-D、苯甲醛和戊-2-酮可作为玉米曲霉感染的早期霉变生物标记:本研究为开发粮仓玉米霜霉病早期预警和监测系统提供了有效的标记分子。
Early warning of Aspergillus contamination in maize by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry.
Introduction: As one of the main grain crops in China, maize is highly susceptible to Aspergillus infection during processing, storage and transportation due to high moisture at harvest, which results in the loss of quality. The aim of this study is to explore the early warning marker molecules when Aspergillus infects maize kernels.
Methods: Firstly, strains MA and MB were isolated from moldy maize and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus niger (A. niger). Next, fresh maize was moldy by contaminated with strains MA and MB. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the contamination process of two fungal strains were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). A total of 31 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MA, a total of 32 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MB, including confirmed monomers and dimers. Finally, heat maps and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that VOCs produced in different growth stages of Aspergillus had great differences. Combined with the results of GC-IMS, total fungal colony counts and fungal spores, it was concluded that the Aspergillus-contaminated maize was in the early stage of mold at 18 h.
Results: Therefore, the characteristic VOCs butan-2-one, ethyl acetate-D, Benzaldehyde, and pentan-2-one produced by maize at 18 h of storage can be used as early mildew biomarkers of Aspergillus infection in maize.
Discussion: This study provided effective marker molecules for the development of an early warning and monitoring system for the degree of maize mildew in granaries.
期刊介绍:
Frontiers in Microbiology is a leading journal in its field, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across the entire spectrum of microbiology. Field Chief Editor Martin G. Klotz at Washington State University is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide.