Hollow covalent organic framework (COF) nanoreactors for sustainable photo/electrochemical catalysis

Cell-mimicking nanoreactors with fascinating physicochemical properties have attracted impressive interest in sustainable catalysis, energy conversion, environmental remediation, and synthetic biology applications. Hollow covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are ideal candidates for rational construction of artificial nanoreactors owing to their high-order crystalline structure, well-defined cavity with permeable shells, tailorable chemical structures, and easy functionalization. The current review paper aims to present a comprehensive summary of the precise synthetic chemistry of hollow COF nanoreactors as well as their latest advancements in energy conversion and environmental molecule processing. Initially, we expound the definition of nanoreactor and highlight the fundamental properties of hollow COF nanoreactors. Subsequently, a detailed summary and discussion are presented in terms of the molecular-level synthesis strategies of these nanoreactors, providing a detailed analysis of the formation mechanisms reported to date. Following this, we present the significant achievements towards photo/electrocatalysis applications based on the unique features and structure-activity relationship of hollow COF nanoreactors. Lastly, we look ahead the development challenges and provide the perspective for the potential directions in future research.