Insights into the Response and Evolution of Microbial Communities During Long-Term Natural Remediation of Contaminated Abandoned Shale Gas Wells

After shale gas well sites are exploited, remediation is essential to restore the ecological environment. Effective bioremediation often has long cycles, so reducing this period is a research focus. To elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms between microorganisms and oil removal and to support the acceleration of bioremediation, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing technologies were utilized. The oil transformation and microbial response mechanisms during the natural remediation process from August to December at an abandoned shale gas well site in Weiyuan County, Neijiang City, Sichuan Province, were analyzed, revealing the directions of microbial succession. The Results showed that from August to September, the greatest degradation of oil components (C10-C20、C21-C30 alkanes) occurred, with Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Ascomycota playing major roles. Key contributors to oil degradation included Sphingomonas, Flavisolibacter, Ramlibacter, Mortierella, Fusarium, and Rectifusarium. These microorganisms, along with those such as Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonas, Ellin6067, Cercospora, Sarocladium, Preussia, Calyptrozyma, Staphylotrichum, and Exophiala, which facilitate the cycling of nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, collectively promote the degradation of oil. Moisture content, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pH affect the activity of oil-degrading microbes and thus oil degradation. Conversely, microbes alter soil chemistry during degradation, impacting those physicochemical properties. This feedback mechanism influences the activity of other oil-degrading microbes, creating a dynamic interaction network. Ultimately, the microbial community shifts towards populations that aid soil ecosystem restoration. This study reveals microbial succession and its role in oil degradation, offering insights for improving and accelerating bioremediation.

Graphical Abstract