Exploring the versatility of copper-based nanoparticles as contrast agents in various imaging modalities

The utilization of copper-based nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical imaging has garnered significant attention in recent years, offering promising avenues for enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review synthesizes insights from a plethora of studies spanning various imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging. Key advancements in nanoparticle synthesis methods, contrast agent design, and multimodal imaging approaches are highlighted, showcasing the transformative potential of copper-based NPs in biomedical imaging. Several studies have focused on optimizing the synthesis of copper-based NPs to achieve precise control over size, shape, and surface properties, thereby enhancing their imaging performance and biocompatibility. Strategies such as encapsulation within polymeric nanocarriers and functionalization with biocompatible coatings have been explored to mitigate toxicity concerns and improve stability in physiological environments. Moreover, the integration of copper ions with other imaging agents, such as gadolinium in layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles, has led to synergistic effects and enhanced contrast enhancement in MRI applications. Targeted delivery strategies have emerged as a key area of research, aiming to achieve precise localization of NPs within specific tissues or biomarkers for improved diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. Multimodal imaging agents, combining copper NPs with complementary imaging modalities, offer synergistic advantages and comprehensive diagnostic information. Furthermore, the development of theranostic nanoparticle platforms holds promise for personalized medicine approaches, enabling simultaneous imaging and therapy within a single nanoparticle system. Despite these advancements, numerous challenges persist, including concerns regarding biocompatibility, toxicity, stability, and scalability. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary efforts and collaboration between academia, industry, and regulatory agencies. Moreover, navigating regulatory hurdles and conducting rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are essential steps towards clinical translation. In conclusion, the utilization of copper-based NPs in biomedical imaging represents a burgeoning field with immense potential for revolutionizing healthcare.