Integrated operation centers for storage and repair of imported precast modules

Modular construction is recognized as a promising solution to the pressing housing demands of densely populated cities. However, temporary storage of modules in urban environments and the risk of damage during transportation present significant supply chain challenges. Some governments have begun investing in integrated operation centers (IOCs) to provide module storage and repair services. However, there lacks an effective planning framework for IOC establishment and operation. This paper formulates a bi-level programming model that comprehensively considers land availability, budget limitation, and government–contractor interactions. A particle swarm optimization based algorithm is developed and validated through a Hong Kong case study. Computational experiments provide governments with valuable managerial implications regarding IOC investment budget, number and locations of IOCs, and services provided by IOCs. Overall, the proposed models, solutions, and recommendations are expected to facilitate the just-in-time cross-border delivery of precast modules in densely populated cities.