The role of electrochemical biosensors in monitoring Apolipoprotein B-100 as a diagnostic tool for cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Early identification of CVD and subsequent intervention can significantly improve treatment outcomes. A successful approach to promptly diagnose CVD involves identifying biomarkers present in bodily fluids. Apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) is a critical biomarker associated with CVD and plays a significant role in its progression. Elevated levels of apoB-100 (>100 mg/dL) are linked to a higher risk of CVD, underscoring its importance for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment strategies. Electrochemical biosensors offer advantages in monitoring apoB-100 due to their speed, portability, and on-site analysis capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how apoB-100 levels change in biological fluids as CVD advances. It includes a detailed explanation of the construction and analytical capabilities of various electrochemical sensors. A comparison of electrochemical biosensors using amperometric, potentiometric, voltammetric, conductometric, and impedimetric methods is presented. Additionally, the suitability of these sensors for measuring apoB-100 in clinical samples, including serum, plasma, whole blood, and other bodily fluids, is evaluated. Furthermore, the challenges associated with electrochemical sensors as diagnostic tools for apoB-100 in CVD biomarker detection are examined, and potential future directions and trends are outlined.