Facies architecture, pedogenesis and palynology of the Olenekian dryland setting – A sedimentary record of Early Triassic climate oscillations in the SE Germanic Basin

The Early Triassic period was characterised by significant climatic perturbations driven by generally high global temperatures. Several significant shifts in the stable carbon and oxygen isotopes were recognised in the marine settings in the Olenekian age deposits that were linked to short-lasting but relatively high-amplitude climatic events. The record of these events in the continental strata is far less understood due to the stratigraphic incompleteness of such deposits. However, in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland), the Olenekian continental deposits are well preserved, and sedimentation was relatively continuous, making them an ideal candidate for studying the effects of climate changes and their preservation in continental settings. As such, sedimentological analysis of five wells and one outcrop (over 530 m logged in total), integrated with new and legacy palynological data, allowed the reconstruction and dating of major steps in the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the SE part of the Central European (Germanic Basin), and its comparison with the marine-based climatic models for the Early Triassic. The lower and middle Olenekian stage is represented by fine-grained deposits of dry floodplain interbedded with sandstones deposited within fluvial distributary channels and terminal splays. The palaeosols are mainly represented by aridisols (calcisols), indicating a relatively dry, though not extreme, climate as some water was necessary to support relict plant cover. Towards the mid-Spathian times, the climate became more humid - lacustrine deposits appeared, and palaeosols displayed features of an elevated water table (gleyed vertisols and inceptisols). Frequent storms and floods also affected the lacustrine sedimentation, reflecting volatile climatic conditions. In the late Spathian time, continental sedimentation continued, and the dominance of vertisols and more stacked fluvial channels in the sequence is linked with an increased seasonality, with more pronounced humid seasons. The continental setting lasted until the latest Spathian time, when a marine transgression occurred, marking a new phase in the basin development.