Changes in the Spatial Patterns of Near-Surface Soil Moisture and Environmental Controlling Factors Before and After a Landslide

Rain-induced landslides are common natural disturbances in forested headwaters that can strongly alter the spatial distributions of hydrological and environmental features. Although many studies have reported the impacts of landslides on the spatial patterns of soil moisture or their environmental controls, studies that have used detailed in situ data sets collected at the same location before and after a landslide are lacking. This study investigated the spatial distribution pattern of the near-surface soil moisture and environmental controls, including topographic, soil and vegetation features, in a headwater catchment using ground-based measurements with high spatial resolution after a landslide in 2016. The data set was compared to measurements taken at the same location before the landslide to explore whether the landslide altered the amount, spatial distribution, or potential controlling factors of near-surface soil moisture. The mean soil moisture decreased across the site after the landslide, even under conditions of greater rainfall input than before the landslide. Spatial variation in soil moisture decreased in the high-disturbance area but increased in the low-disturbance area, although autocorrelation distances of soil moisture changed little. The relationships between the spatial mean and standard deviation of soil moisture markedly changed from a convex-upward shape to a convex-downward shape in the highly disturbed area. This indicates that the spatial mean of soil moisture exhibited its greatest spatial variation under moderate conditions before the landslide, with the lowest spatial variation occurring after the landslide. Most of the same controlling factors (i.e., slope gradient, topographic wetness index, vegetation density, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity) were explored after the landslide, but their influence levels greatly decreased or even disappeared. Thus, the landslide weakened the spatial connectedness between soil moisture and environmental features, which has not yet been restored 6 years after the landslide. We suggest that the connectedness between hydrological responses and environmental features is crucial for restoration. Their connectedness can serve as an indicator to identify the stage of ecological succession from the disturbances of a landslide.