欧洲 2030 年减少兽用抗菌药销售的目标:我们在哪里? 2030年欧洲兽用抗菌药销量削减目标:我们在哪里? 欧洲到 2030 年减少兽用抗菌药销售的目标:我们在哪里?

IF 2.4 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY EuroChoices Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI:10.1111/1746-692X.12444
Massimo Canali, Maurizio Aragrande, Caetano Luiz Beber
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引用次数: 0

摘要

2020 年,欧盟委员会的 "从农场到餐桌 "战略设定了一个目标,即到 2030 年,欧盟兽用抗菌药的销售量要比 2018 年减少 50%(欧盟委员会,2020a,2020b)。该倡议旨在抗击抗菌药耐药性(AMR),将欧盟卫生、环境、农业和食品政策的各个方面联系起来。这一进程始于 2001 年的第一份《共同体抗 AMR 战略》,导致 2006 年欧洲禁止在养殖动物中使用抗生素作为生长促进剂,随后又随着 2011 年和 2017 年的《抗 AMR 行动计划》得到发展。2023 年,欧盟成员国政府重申了加强欧盟抗 AMR 行动的意向。欧洲药品管理局(EMA)以 "人口校正单位"(PCUs)为单位,计算兽用抗菌药相对于欧洲农场动物数量的销售额。该指标考虑了每种养殖动物的总数量乘以使用抗生素治疗时的估计平均活重(EMA,2023 年)。欧洲 2030 年的目标是按每公斤 PCU 在欧盟销售的抗菌剂活性成分的总毫克数计算的。根据 EMA 的数据,欧盟 27 国兽用抗生素销售量从 2010 年的每公斤 PCU 185.9 毫克活性成分降至 2022 年的每公斤 PCU 84.8 毫克(图 1)。在第一阶段(2010-2014 年),销售额逐步下降,平均每年下降 1.8%。第二阶段(2015-2017 年)下降速度更快,平均每年下降 10.9%。在最后一个阶段(2018-2022 年),下降速度放缓,平均每年下降 6.6%(EMA,2023 年)。因此,在第一个启动期之后,多发性硬化症的销售额在三年内迅速下降,最后进入了一个缓慢下降的阶段,进一步的边际收益似乎不太容易实现。欧盟的目标要求欧盟兽用抗菌药的销售量应降至 59.2 毫克/千克 PCU(低于 2018 年的 118.4 毫克/千克),即在 2023 年至 2030 年期间平均每年减少 4.4%,考虑到欧盟 27 国目前的趋势,这可能是可行的。图 2 显示了每个国家在 2023-2030 年间为达到目标所需的每公斤 PCU 有效成分销售量的年均降幅(橙色条)和 2018-2022 年间实现的年均变化(蓝色条)。这两个数值之间的差值可为评估各国实现其目标的可能性提供信息。用于分析的参数见图 2 的说明。考虑到欧盟兽用抗菌药的主要消费国,比利时、法国、意大利、荷兰、罗马尼亚和西班牙有可能实现 2030 年的目标。波兰不太可能实现这一目标,因为该国在 2018-2022 年的销售额有所增加,而德国则很难实现这一目标。瑞典、芬兰、卢森堡和丹麦等国在 2018 年已经达到较低的销售水平,现在要实现减少 50% 的目标所需的下降趋势,显示出相当大的困难。
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The 2030 Veterinary Antimicrobial Sales Reduction Target in Europe: Where Are We? L'objectif de réduction des ventes d'antimicrobiens vétérinaires en Europe d'ici 2030 : où en sommes-nous ? Das Umsatzreduktionsziel für veterinärmedizinische antimikrobielle Mittel bis 2030 in Europa: Wo stehen wir?

In 2020, the European Commission's Farm-to-Fork Strategy set the target of reducing sales of veterinary antimicrobials in the European Union (EU) by 50 per cent by 2030, compared to 2018 levels (European Commission, 2020a, 2020b). The initiative, aimed at combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), connects various aspects of the EU health, environmental, agricultural and food policies. This process started in 2001 with the first Community Strategy against AMR, leading to the European ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters on farmed animals in 2006, and subsequently developed with the Action Plans against AMR of 2011 and 2017. In 2023, the EU Member States’ governments reaffirmed their intent to step up the EU actions against AMR.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) calculates the sales of veterinary antimicrobials relative to the animal population of European farms in terms of Population Correction Units (PCUs). This indicator considers the total population of each farmed animal species multiplied by the estimated average liveweight when treated with antibiotics (EMA, 2023). The European 2030 target is computed as the total milligrams of antimicrobial active ingredients sold in the EU per kg PCU. According to the EMA, the EU-27 veterinary antibiotic sales decreased from 185.9 mg of active ingredients per kg PCU in 2010 to 84.8 mg/kg PCU in 2022 (Figure 1).

This result was achieved in three stages. During the first stage (2010–2014), the decrease in sales was gradual, averaging 1.8 per cent per year. The second stage (2015–2017) saw a much faster decline, with an average annual drop of 10.9 per cent. In the last phase (2018–2022), the decrease slowed to an average of 6.6 per cent per year (EMA, 2023). Thus, after the first launch period, the MS sales declined rapidly for three years and finally entered a phase of slower decrease, where further marginal gains seem less easy to achieve. The EU target requires that sales of veterinary antimicrobials in the EU should decrease to 59.2 mg/kg PCU (down from 118.4 mg/kg in 2018), i.e. an average annual decrease of 4.4 per cent between 2023 and 2030, which might be feasible given the current trend in the EU-27.

Using the same criteria, the European Commission set individual targets for each EU country, aiming for a 50 per cent reduction of sales per kg PCU in 2030 from the respective 2018 levels (European Commission, 2020b). Figure 2 shows the average annual percentage reduction in sales of active ingredients per kg PCU required in each country in 2023–2030 to reach its target (orange bars) and the average annual variation achieved in 2018–2022 (blue bars). The difference between the two values can provide information to assess the likelihood of each country achieving its goal. The parameters used for the analysis are described in the Figure 2 caption. Considering the main EU consumer countries of veterinary antimicrobials, the 2030 target achievement is probable for Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Romania and Spain. It is unlikely for Poland, where sales increased in 2018–2022 and is difficult for Germany. Countries such as Sweden, Finland, Luxembourg and Denmark, which had already reached low sales levels in 2018, are now showing considerable difficulties in realising the decreasing trend needed to meet their 50 per cent reduction objectives.

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来源期刊
EuroChoices
EuroChoices AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY-
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
7.10%
发文量
22
期刊介绍: EuroChoices is a full colour, peer reviewed, outreach journal of topical European agri-food and rural resource issues, published three times a year in April, August and December. Its main aim is to bring current research and policy deliberations on agri-food and rural resource issues to a wide readership, both technical & non-technical. The need for this is clear - there are great changes afoot in the European and global agri-food industries and rural areas, which are of enormous impact and concern to society. The issues which underlie present deliberations in the policy and private sectors are complex and, until now, normally expressed in impenetrable technical language.
期刊最新文献
Issue Information The 2030 Veterinary Antimicrobial Sales Reduction Target in Europe: Where Are We? L'objectif de réduction des ventes d'antimicrobiens vétérinaires en Europe d'ici 2030 : où en sommes-nous ? Das Umsatzreduktionsziel für veterinärmedizinische antimikrobielle Mittel bis 2030 in Europa: Wo stehen wir? Mandatory vs. Voluntary? How to Conceive and Implement the ‘Right’ Measures to Fight AMR Obligatoires ou volontaires ? Comment concevoir et mettre en œuvre les ‘bonnes’ mesures pour lutter contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens Verpflichtend oder freiwillig? Wie lassen sich die ‚richtigen‘ Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der AMR konzipieren und umsetzen? European Countries have Reduced Antimicrobial Use (AMU) in Livestock but Have They Also Replaced and Rethought AMU? A Qualitative Approach Les pays européens ont réduit l'utilisation des antimicrobiens (AMU) dans l’élevage, mais ont-ils également remplacé et repensé cet usage ? Une approche qualitative Europäische Länder haben den Einsatz antimikrobieller Mittel (AMU) in der Nutztierhaltung reduziert, aber haben sie AMU auch ersetzt und überdacht? Ein qualitativer Ansatz AMR as a Global and One Health Issue: the Challenge to Adapt a Global Strategy in Two Low- and Middle-income Countries, Mozambique and Vietnam La résistance aux antimicrobiens comme problème de santé globale et de santé unique : le défi d'adapter une stratégie mondiale dans deux pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, le Mozambique et le Vietnam AMR als globales und One-Health-Problem: die Herausforderung, eine globale Strategie in zwei Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen – Mosambik und Vietnam – umzusetzen
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