Residential energy considering renewable portfolio standards and tradable green certificates

Optimizing energy management for distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) with battery energy storage systems, energy trading, and emission trading schemes (ETSs) within the Internet of Energy (IoE) has garnered considerable attention. ETSs have been extended to include sectors with dispersed emissions, notably targeting households, aligning with the growing adoption of DRESs for household electricity. However, previous studies focused on how renewable portfolio standard (RPS) that mandates energy suppliers to include a percentage of renewable energy into their energy portfolios influence industrial and large-scale energy systems, neglecting the potential of implementing RPS at the household level. In addition, previous studies analyzed energy markets of traded green certificates (TGCs), certified through their separation from renewable energy generation, but rarely investigated their potential within households. Consequently, this study introduces house-based RPS (HRPS) and the unbundling of TGCs into a dynamic energy management optimization problem for a smart house with DRESs, a home energy storage system (HESS), and an electric vehicle, where HRPS mandates daily consumption of green energy, allowing for energy and TGC trading through their respective trading platforms. A mathematical programming model is formulated for determining HESS charging/discharging decisions, energy trading, and TGC trading under HRPS, while minimizing costs and penalties for HRPS non-compliance. Since TGC unbundling makes this model much complex, a hybrid simplified harmony search (SHS) and double-adaptive general variable neighborhood search (DAGVNS) algorithm is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the introduction of RPS and TGC trading can effectively reduce the smart house's carbon emissions by approximately 19.4 % weekly.