通过疫苗接种和感染获得的检测和免疫力对马萨诸塞州中小学生科维-19病例的影响

IF 5.4 Q1 MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL Communications medicine Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI:10.1038/s43856-024-00619-3
Westyn Branch-Elliman, Melissa Zeynep Ertem, Richard E. Nelson, Anseh Danesharasteh, David Berlin, Lloyd Fisher, Elissa M. Schechter-Perkins
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引用次数: 0

摘要

2021-22 学年,马萨诸塞州支持多项校内测试计划,以促进亲自学习。此外,所有学龄儿童都可接种 COVID-19 疫苗,其中许多儿童感染了 SARS-CoV-2。评估这些检测项目对中小学 SARS-CoV-2 病例影响的研究非常有限。这项全州范围的回顾性队列研究旨在评估检测项目和免疫对中小学生 SARS-CoV-2 病例率的影响。社区层面的疫苗接种率和累计发病率与校内检测项目(从检测到留校、集中监测检测)的参与情况和结果数据相结合。在目标试验仿真方法中,使用广义估计方程估算了监测检测项目对学生中 SARS-CoV-2 病例的影响,并按学校类型(小学/初中/高中)进行了分层。免疫和疫苗接种的影响采用随机效应线性回归法进行估计。我们在此表明,在参与校内检测项目的 2141 所学校的 N = 652,353 名学生中,监测检测与校内阳性率的小幅但可测量的下降有关。在德尔塔期,累积感染率较高的社区的集合检测阳性率较高。在 Omicron 期间,当先前感染产生的免疫力变得更加普遍时,这种效应发生了逆转,因此在大流行早期阶段感染负担较低的社区感染率较高。测试计划是支持现场学习的有效策略。通过自然感染或接种疫苗获得的免疫力水平的波动是决定学校中出现 SARS-CoV-2 病例的主要因素。在 Covid-19 大流行的高峰期,采用了多种策略使学生能够参加中小学的面授学习。人们对事先免疫和亲自检测计划对维持学校 Covid-19 保护能力的总体影响知之甚少。这项于 2021-2022 学年在马萨诸塞州进行的研究发现,通过先前感染或接种疫苗获得的社区免疫力与检测策略(包括监测感染的检测计划和检测到停留的修改后检疫计划)相结合,对于允许亲自到校学习是安全有效的。这些数据可用于制定未来呼吸道病毒大流行时的校内实践政策。Branch-Elliman 等人评估了检测计划和免疫对马萨诸塞州中小学生 SARS-CoV-2 感染率的影响。他们发现,检测策略是支持现场学习的有效干预措施,而通过自然感染或接种疫苗获得的免疫力可减少学校中的 COVID 病例。
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Impacts of testing and immunity acquired through vaccination and infection on covid-19 cases in Massachusetts elementary and secondary students
During the 2021–22 academic year, Massachusetts supported several in-school testing programs to facilitate in-person learning. Additionally, COVID-19 vaccines became available to all school-aged children and many were infected with SARS-CoV-2. There are limited studies evaluating the impacts of these testing programs on SARS-CoV-2 cases in elementary and secondary school settings. The aim of this state-wide, retrospective cohort study was to assess the impact of testing programs and immunity on SARS-CoV-2 case rates in elementary and secondary students. Community-level vaccination and cumulative incidence rates were combined with data about participation in and results of in-school testing programs (test-to-stay, pooled surveillance testing). School-level impacts of surveillance testing programs on SARS-CoV-2 cases in students were estimated using generalized estimating equations within a target trial emulation approach stratified by school type (elementary/middle/high). Impacts of immunity and vaccination were estimated using random effects linear regression. Here we show that among N = 652,353 students at 2141 schools participating in in-school testing programs, surveillance testing is associated with a small but measurable decrease in in-school positivity rates. During delta, pooled testing positivity rates are higher in communities with higher cumulative incidence of infection. During omicron, when immunity from prior infection became more prevalent, the effect reversed, such that communities with lower burden of infection during the earlier phases of the pandemic had higher infection rates. Testing programs are an effective strategy for supporting in-person learning. Fluctuating levels of immunity acquired via natural infection or vaccination are a major determinant of SARS-CoV-2 cases in schools. During the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, multiple strategies were used to enable students to participate in in-person elementary and secondary schools. Little is known about the overall impact of prior immunity and in-person testing programs on the ability to maintain protection from Covid-19 in schools. This study, conducted in Massachusetts during the 2021-2022 academic year, found that community immunity gained through prior infection or vaccination, combined with testing strategies including testing programs to monitor infection and test to-stay modified quarantine programs, were safe and effective for allowing in-person learning. These data can be used to shape policy about in-school practices during future respiratory virus pandemics. Branch-Elliman et. al assess the impact of testing programs and immunity on SARS-CoV-2 case rates in elementary and secondary students in Massachusetts. They find that testing strategies are an effective intervention for supporting in-person learning and that immunity acquired from natural infection or vaccination mitigate COVID cases in schools.
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