A gold nanomaterial-integrated distance-based analytical device for uric acid quantification in human urine samples†

In this article, we present the first demonstration of a distance-based paper analytical device (dPAD) for uric acid quantification in human urine samples with instrument-free readout and user-friendliness for the rapid diagnosis and prognosis of various related diseases. By employing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a peroxidase-like nanozyme, our proposed technique eliminates the utilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), making the device cost-effective and stable. In our dPAD, uric acid in the sample is oxidized by the uricase enzyme and subsequently catalysed with AuNPs in the sample zone, generating hydroxyl radicals (˙OH). Then, the produced ˙OH reacts with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) to form poly DAB (oxDAB), resulting in a coloured distance signal in the detection zone of the dPAD. The variation of the distance of the observed red-brown colour is directly proportional to the uric acid concentration. Our sensor exhibited a linear range from 0.50 to 6.0 mmol L⁻¹ (R² = 0.9922) with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.25 mmol L⁻¹, covering the clinical range of uric acid in urine. Hence, there is no need for additional sample preparation or dilution. Additionally, this assay is highly selective, with no interferences. We also found that this approach could accurately and precisely determine uric acid in human control samples with the recovery ranging from 99.37 to 100.35 with the highest RSD of 4.05%. Our method is comparable with the use of a commercially available uric acid sensor at a 95% confidence interval. Consequently, the developed dPAD offers numerous advantages such as cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and ease of operation with unskilled individuals. Furthermore, this concept can be applied for extensive biosensing applications in monitoring other biomarkers as an alternative analytical point-of-care (POC) device.