The impact of rainfall on beef cattle growth across diverse climate zones.

Genetics, animal husbandry, and the feedbase all impact cattle growth. Australia's cattle feedbase covers 40% of the continent and encompasses diverse climates and landscapes, making stocking rate decisions challenging. Of the factors contributing to climate change, rainfall is a primary determinant of feedbase growth and, with this, cattle growth. Understanding the interplay between rainfall and cattle growth across the diverse Australian landscape is thus critical to aid farmer decision-making. However, revealing such interactions between landscape and rainfall for cattle growth for such decision-making has until now been infeasible due to a lack of sufficient temporal and spatial cattle growth data. The Optiweigh (OW) system has been deployed across Australia's extensive beef production systems as a voluntary weighing unit, opportunistically monitoring cattle liveweight (LW). This study determined the impact of rainfall on the temporal and spatial variability of beef cattle growth across three of Australia's agro-climatic zones (grassland, subtropical, and temperate), aiming to describe the diverse feedbase through patterns of LW variability. A total of 1.3 million cattle LW observations were collected from 82 026 cattle over 2 years (2020-2022). Rainfall data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology were also collated for the closest meteorological station to each OW unit. Cattle LW average daily gain (ADG) was clustered by season and zone. A series of linear mixed models were used to examine ADG for each zone-season combination, with random effects for individual animals and farms, and fixed effects for climate zone and current and lagged rainfall. The overall mean ADG for the dataset was 0.68 kg/day, with greater growth variability between farms within a zone (SD: 0.349 ± 0.021 kg/day, estimate ± SE) than between cattle within a farm (SD: 0.229 ± 0.004 kg/day). This ADG variability can be partly attributed to the timing and amount of rainfall, with agro-climatic zones showing unique interactions between rainfall and ADG. Seasonal lagged rainfall effects were present in the grassland and temperate zones, while rainfall in the temperate zone had a year-round effect on cattle growth. Furthermore, season-wise lagged rainfall had mixed effects on ADG, whereas rainfall occurring in a season reduced growth in the same season across zones (P < 0.001). These findings provide valuable initial insights into the variability of ADG across the landscape over time and markedly improve our understanding of the interplay between climate and Australia's diverse feedbase, contributing to improved management strategies.