Hybrid Triboelectric-Electromagnetic-Electric Field Energy Harvester for Simultaneous Wind and Electric Field Energy Capture in High-Voltage Transmission System

With the development of smart grids, efficient condition monitoring of high voltage transmission system has become crucial, necessitating reliable power supplies for distributed sensors. Traditional energy harvesters often focus on either internal or external sources, limiting overall efficiency. This study introduces a triboelectric-electromagnetic-electric field hybrid energy harvester (TEE-HEH) that synergistically integrates triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), electromagnetic generators (EMGs), and electric field energy harvesters (EEHs) to simultaneously capture electric field and wind energy. Electric field energy is harvested via displacement currents between transmission lines and the ground, while TENGs and EMGs efficiently capture low- and high-speed wind energy, respectively, enabling broadband harvesting (2.3–10 m s⁻¹). The synergistic combination of TENG, EMG, and EEH within the TEE-HEH leads to significantly enhanced energy capture efficiency from multiple sources. At a wind speed of 5 m s⁻¹, a transmission line voltage of 25 kV, and a distance of 1.5 m, the TEE-HEH achieved peak power outputs of 18.5 mW (TENG), 262 mW (EMG), and 1.85 mW (EEH), demonstrating enhanced energy collection efficiency. An environmental monitoring system has been powered, demonstrating the TEE-HEH's practicality for dual-source energy harvesting in smart grid applications.