Skull evolution and lineage diversification in endemic Malagasy carnivorans.

Madagascar is one of the world's foremost biodiversity hotspots with more than 90% of its species endemic to the island. Malagasy carnivorans are one of only four extant terrestrial mammalian clades endemic to Madagascar. Although there are only eight extant species, these carnivorans exhibit remarkable phenotypic and ecological diversity that is often hypothesized to have diversified through an adaptive radiation. Here, we investigated the evolution of skull diversity in Malagasy carnivorans and tested if they exhibited characteristics of convergence and an adaptive radiation. We found that their skull disparity exceeds that of any other feliform family, as their skulls vary widely and strikingly capture a large amount of the morphological variation found across all feliforms. We also found evidence of shared adaptive zones in cranial shape between euplerid subclades and felids, herpestids and viverrids. Lastly, contrary to predictions of adaptive radiation, we found that Malagasy carnivorans do not exhibit rapid lineage diversification and only marginally faster rates of mandibular shape evolution and to a lesser extent cranial shape evolution, compared to other feliforms. These results reveal that exceptional diversification rates are not necessary to generate the striking phenotypic diversity that evolved in carnivorans after their dispersal to and isolation on Madagascar.