A generalized master sintering curve based on nucleation-limited densification kinetics

The master sintering curve was developed assuming diffusion-limited coarsening and densification kinetics. A key limitation of the model is that it is only valid for a single set of initial conditions, i.e., grain size and density. Recent in situ sintering experiments suggest that densification follows nucleation-limited kinetics. A model for sintering can be formulated based on a thermodynamic energy balance between interfacial energy dissipation and work required to overcome the nucleation barrier. A feature of this model is that it inherently relates coarsening and densification, providing a basis for formulating a generalized master sintering curve that is not sensitive to initial conditions. This paper develops the model and demonstrates its practical application to several oxide systems, including ZnO, Al₂O₃, and Y₂O₃-doped tetragonal ZrO₂.