Vehicle-to-grid applications and battery cycle aging: A review

Electric vehicle integration with the power grid through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology presents a promising opportunity to enhance grid stability, support renewable energy integration, and generate economic benefits. However, the cyclical charging and discharging inherent in V2G operations can accelerate battery degradation, posing a significant challenge to the long-term viability of this technology. This study provides a comprehensive review of the current state of V2G research, particularly focusing on the impact of V2G operations on battery cycle aging. The review synthesizes findings from studies on battery selection, aging measurement techniques, predictive modeling, and simulation approaches. Additionally, it examines the role of battery management systems in mitigating degradation and identifies specific V2G applications that influence battery life. The review also explores the interaction between V2G systems and renewable energy sources, discussing how V2G can contribute to the stability and reliability of power grids. Furthermore, the economic implications of V2G operations are assessed, highlighting potential revenue streams for electric vehicle owners. The principal result is that V2G operations increase charge transfer which shortens life. Additionally, scheduled charging might lengthen the lifetime and the effect on the battery depends on the balance. By addressing the technical challenges and providing recommendations for future research, this review aims to inform the development of sustainable V2G systems that maximize battery longevity while delivering significant grid services.