iRainSnowHydro v1.0: A distributed integrated rainfall-runoff and snowmelt-runoff simulation model for alpine watersheds

Snowmelt runoff is an essential runoff component in alpine watersheds. On the Tibetan Plateau, the complex hydrometeorological and underlying surface conditions make a single runoff generation mode (either snowmelt-runoff or rainfall-runoff) cannot accurately simulate the runoff process. In this study, we developed a new method that combines the curve number, topographic index, and fractional snow cover to identify the sub-basin seasonal dominant runoff generation mode within the Jinsha River Basin. By constructing a surface ‘snow reservoir’ to depict snow melting impact on runoff generation, and quantitatively classifying the precipitation composition, an innovative integrated hydrological model named the distributed integrated Rainfall-runoff and Snowmelt-runoff simulation Hydrological model (iRainSnowHydro) is developed. With model, a method for identifying the seasonal varying dominant runoff generation mode is proposed. The results show that most sub-basins experience both snowmelt and rainfall driven runoff generation in spring, with snowmelt occurring earlier in regions of lower latitude and elevation. Besides, iRainSnowHydro performs well in daily runoff simulations at Zhimenda and Shigu stations with Nash coefficients of 0.81 and 0.85 in the calibration period, and 0.72 and 0.81 in the validation period. The correlation coefficient ranges from 0.92 to 0.96. Additionally, calculation through iRainSnowHydro indicates a noteworthy percentage of spring snowmelt water. Notably, the Zhimenda watershed, characterized by higher latitudes and elevations, displays an escalating trend from 56.6 % to 78.9 % of total precipitation for spring snowmelt water between 2014 and 2020, while the Shigu watershed maintains stable within 27 % ± 6 %. The methodologies outlined bear significance for simulating and predicting runoff in alpine watersheds and offers valuable insights into how snow cover responds to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.